ClinicalCodes.org
An online clinical codes repository to improve validity and reproducibility of medical database research
Research article:
Exposure to sodium channel-inhibiting drugs and cancer survival: protocol for a cohort study using the QResearch primary care database
Reference:
Caroline Fairhurst, Ian Watt, Fabiola Martin, Martin Bland, and William J. Brackenbury(2014) Exposure to sodium channel-inhibiting drugs and cancer survival: protocol for a cohort study using the QResearch primary care database. BMJ Open, doi:
- Link to fulltext article
- Abstract
- Introduction: Metastasis from solid tumours is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are drug targets for the treatment of epilepsy. VGSCs are also present in cancer cells, where they regulate metastatic cell behaviours, including cellular movement and invasion. Treating cancer cells with the VGSC-inhibiting anticonvulsant phenytoin reduces cellular invasion and migration. Together, these suggest that VGSCs may be useful targets for inhibiting metastasis. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that use of VGSC-inhibiting drugs will reduce metastasis, and therefore increase survival time in cancer patients. Methods and analysis: A cohort study based on primary care data from the QResearch database will include patients with one of three common tumours: breast, bowel, and prostate. The primary outcome will be overall survival from date of cancer diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression will be used to compare the survival of cancer patients taking VGSC-inhibiting drugs (including anticonvulsants and Class I antiarrhythmic agents) with cancer patients not exposed to these drugs, adjusting for age and sex. Exposure to VGSC-inhibiting drugs will be defined as having at least one prescription for these drugs prior to cancer diagnosis. High and low exposure groups will be identified based on length of use. A number of sensitivity and secondary analyses will be conducted. Ethics and dissemination: The protocol has been independently peer-reviewed and approved by the QResearch Scientific Board. The project has also been approved by the University of York Ethical Review Process. The results will be presented at international conferences and published in an open access peer-reviewed journal, in accordance with the STROBE criteria.
- Author for correspondence
- William J. Brackenbury
- Email for correspondence
- william.brackenbury@york.ac.uk
Code list: res17: Ethnicity
130 codes in list
| Code | Coding system | Description | Entity type | List name | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 226 | Read | O/E - ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 226-1 | Read | O/E - ethnic origin | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 226Z | Read | O/E - ethnic group NOS | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 916E | Read | Patient ethnicity unknown | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 918t | Read | Carer from Black and minority ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i | Read | Ethnic category - 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i0 | Read | British or mixed British - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i00 | Read | White British - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i1 | Read | Irish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i10 | Read | White Irish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2 | Read | Other White background - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i20 | Read | English - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i21 | Read | Scottish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i22 | Read | Welsh - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i23 | Read | Cornish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i24 | Read | Northern Irish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i25 | Read | Ulster Scots - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i26 | Read | Cypriot (part not stated) - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i27 | Read | Greek - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i28 | Read | Greek Cypriot - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i29 | Read | Turkish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2A | Read | Turkish Cypriot - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2B | Read | Italian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2C | Read | Irish Traveller - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2D | Read | Traveller - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2E | Read | Gypsy/Romany - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2F | Read | Polish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2J | Read | Kosovan - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2K | Read | Albanian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2L | Read | Bosnian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2M | Read | Croatian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2N | Read | Serbian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2P | Read | Other republics former Yugoslavia - ethnic categ 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2Q | Read | Mixed Irish and other White - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2S | Read | Other mixed White - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2T | Read | Other White or White unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i3 | Read | White and Black Caribbean - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i4 | Read | White and Black African - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i5 | Read | White and Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i6 | Read | Other Mixed background - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i60 | Read | Black and Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i61 | Read | Black and Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i62 | Read | Black and White - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i63 | Read | Chinese and White - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i64 | Read | Asian and Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i65 | Read | Other Mixed or Mixed unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i7 | Read | Indian or British Indian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i8 | Read | Pakistani or British Pakistani - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA | Read | Other Asian background - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA1 | Read | Punjabi - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA2 | Read | Kashmiri - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA3 | Read | East African Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA4 | Read | Sri Lankan - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA5 | Read | Tamil - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA6 | Read | Sinhalese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA7 | Read | Caribbean Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA8 | Read | British Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA9 | Read | Mixed Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iAA | Read | Other Asian or Asian unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iB | Read | Caribbean - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iC | Read | African - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD | Read | Other Black background - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD0 | Read | Somali - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD1 | Read | Nigerian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD2 | Read | Black British - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD3 | Read | Mixed Black - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD4 | Read | Other Black or Black unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iE | Read | Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF | Read | Other - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF0 | Read | Vietnamese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF1 | Read | Japanese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF2 | Read | Filipino - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF3 | Read | Malaysian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF4 | Read | Buddhist - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF5 | Read | Hindu - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF6 | Read | Jewish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF7 | Read | Muslim - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF8 | Read | Sikh - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF9 | Read | Arab - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFA | Read | North African - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFC | Read | Israeli - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFD | Read | Iranian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFE | Read | Kurdish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFF | Read | Moroccan - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFG | Read | Latin American - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFH | Read | South and Central American - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFK | Read | Any other group - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iG | Read | Ethnic category not stated - 2001 census | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S | Read | Ethnic groups (census) | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S12 | Read | Other white ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S14 | Read | Other white British ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA | Read | Other ethnic non-mixed (NMO) | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA1 | Read | Brit. ethnic minor. spec.(NMO) | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA2 | Read | Brit. ethnic minor. unsp (NMO) | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAD | Read | Other ethnic NEC (NMO) | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SD | Read | Ethnic group not given - patient refused | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SE | Read | Ethnic group not recorded | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SG | Read | Other black ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SH | Read | Other Asian ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SJ | Read | Other ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SZ | Read | Ethnic groups (census) NOS | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T | Read | Ethnicity and other related nationality data | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1 | Read | New Zealand ethnic groups | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T11 | Read | New Zealand European | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T11-1 | Read | Pakeha | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T12 | Read | Other European in New Zealand | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T13 | Read | New Zealand Maori | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T14 | Read | Samoan | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T15 | Read | Cook Island Maori | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T16 | Read | Tongan | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T17 | Read | Niuean | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T18 | Read | Tokelauan | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T19 | Read | Fijian | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1A | Read | Other Pacific ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1B | Read | South East Asian | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1C | Read | Chinese | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1D | Read | Indian | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1E | Read | Other Asian | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1Y | Read | Other New Zealand ethnic group | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1Z | Read | New Zealand ethnic group NOS | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T2 | Read | Traveller - gypsy | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T3 | Read | Yemeni | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T4 | Read | Romanian | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T5 | Read | Bulgarian | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T6 | Read | Czech | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T7 | Read | Slovak | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T8 | Read | Portuguese | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T9 | Read | Nepali | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| EMISNQBR14 | Read | Brazilian | test | res17: Ethnicity | |||
| EMISNQPO8 | Read | Portuguese | test | res17: Ethnicity |
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