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Research article:
Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and gender incongruence in children and young people attending primary care practices in England: retrospective cohort study
Reference:
Stuart Jarvis; Lorna Fraser; Trilby Langton; Catherine Hewitt ;Tim Doran(2024) Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and gender incongruence in children and young people attending primary care practices in England: retrospective cohort study. Archives of Disease in Childhood , doi:
- Link to article
- Abstract
- Objective: To examine trends in diagnosis of gender dysphoria and related conditions in children and young people attending primary care practices in England. Design: Longitudinal analysis of electronic primary care records from the CPRD Aurum database linked to hospital inpatient and outpatient data and patient-level Index of Multiple Deprivation data. Setting: Primary care practices in England between 2011 and 2021. Participants: 3,782 patients aged 0-18 years with a history of gender dysphoria/incongruence and matched comparators with autism spectrum conditions or eating disorder. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence rates and prevalence of recorded gender dysphoria/incongruence; prescribing rates for medical treatments; co-occurrence of recorded anxiety, depression and self-harm. Results: Between 2011 and 2021, incidence rates of recorded gender dysphoria/incongruence increased from 0.14 (95%CI 0.08-0.20) to 4.4 (95%CI 4.1-4.7) per 10,000 person years, and from 2015 increased more rapidly in recorded females than males. There was no significant association between gender dysphoria/incongruence and area level deprivation. 4.7% of children and young people with a record of gender dysphoria/incongruence were prescribed puberty suppressing hormones; 8.0% were prescribed masculinising/feminising hormones; and 53% had a record of anxiety, depression or self-harm. Compared with matched comparators, those experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence had similar recorded rates of anxiety and higher rates of depression and self-harm. Conclusions: Recorded prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence increased substantially in children and young people between 2011 and 2021, particularly in recorded females. Levels of anxiety, depression and self-harm were high, indicating an urgent need for better prevention and treatment of mental health difficulties in these patients.
- Author for correspondence
- Tim Doran
- Email for correspondence
- tim.doran@york.ac.uk
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