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Research article:
Short- and long-term risk of premature death in a nationally representative cohort of primary care patients with history of self-harm
Reference:
Matthew J. Carr, Darren M. Ashcroft, Evangelos Kontopantelis, David While, Yvonne Awenat, Jayne Cooper, Carolyn Chew-Graham, Nav Kapur, Roger T. Webb (2016) Short- and long-term risk of premature death in a nationally representative cohort of primary care patients with history of self-harm. BMJ, doi:
- Link to article
- Abstract
- Objectives: To examine premature mortality in a nationally representative cohort of primary care patients who have harmed themselves, and to estimate relative risks versus the general population stratified by follow-up time from first to tenth year. Design: Matched cohort study. Setting: 385 general practices in England contributing data to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) during 2001-2013 with linkage to national mortality records. Population: Index cohort of 30,017 persons aged 15-64 years with a record of self-harm; comparison cohort, sampled from the same population, consisting of 600,258 persons with no record of self-harm and matched to index patients on age (year of birth), gender and registered general practice. Main outcome measures: Hazards ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality, including unnatural vs. natural death, suicide, intentional vs. accidental poisoning, and alcohol-related death. Results: We found greatly raised risk of dying prematurely from any cause among members of the self-harm cohort, especially so during the first follow-up year: hazard ratio (HR) 9.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6 to 11.4. The elevation in suicide risk within a year was especially great (HR 113.9, CI 73.9 to 175.6). Beyond the first follow-up year, suicide risk declined sharply but remained much higher than in the comparison cohort. Large risk elevations throughout the follow-up period were observed for accidental self-poisoning and alcohol-related death. Conclusions: Primary care patients who have harmed themselves are at greatly increased risk of dying prematurely by suicide and by other causes, and especially so within a year of the index episode. Relatively frequent general practice attendance by these individuals presents a clear opportunity for preventive action in primary care. National clinical guidelines could provide more specific recommendations for how primary healthcare teams can monitor, intervene and manage risk in these patients more effectively.
- Author for correspondence
- Matthew J Carr
- Email for correspondence
- matthew.carr@manchester.ac.uk
Code list: res41: Anxiolitics
40 codes in list
| Code | Coding system | Description | Entity type | List name | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39801020 | Multilex | Zimovane 7.5mg tablets (Lexon (UK) Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 479021 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg/5ml oral solution | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 59209020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 59210020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 59236020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 59237020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 59593020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 59594020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 59784020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets (Generics (UK) Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 59785020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg tablets (Generics (UK) Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 60509020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 60510020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 62715020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets (Sandoz Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 63436020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets (Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 63765020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets (PLIVA Pharma Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 63881020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 5mg Tablet (Winthrop Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 63882020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 10mg Tablet (Winthrop Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 64484020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 5mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 64487020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 10mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 64733020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 5mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 64738020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 10mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 65546020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg tablets (Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 65832020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 5mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 65835020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 10mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 66946020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 10mg tablets (Generics (UK) Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 72408020 | Multilex | Zimovane 7.5mg tablets (Sanofi) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 72416020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 7.5mg tablets | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 72417020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg tablets | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 75692020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 5mg tablets | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 75693020 | Multilex | Zolpidem 10mg tablets | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 75696020 | Multilex | Stilnoct 5mg tablets (Sanofi) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 75697020 | Multilex | Stilnoct 10mg tablets (Sanofi) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 83069020 | Multilex | Zimovane LS 3.75mg tablets (Sanofi) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 85821020 | Multilex | Zileze 3.75 tablets (Opus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 85822020 | Multilex | Zileze 7.5 tablets (Opus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 86240020 | Multilex | Zaleplon 5mg capsules | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 86241020 | Multilex | Zaleplon 10mg capsules | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 86243020 | Multilex | Sonata 5mg capsules (Meda Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 86244020 | Multilex | Sonata 10mg capsules (Meda Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res41: Anxiolitics | |||
| 91009020 | Multilex | Zopiclone 3.75mg/5ml oral suspension | drug | res41: Anxiolitics |
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