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Research article:
Sodium channel-inhibiting drugs and cancer survival: protocol for a cohort study using the CPRD primary care database
Reference:
Caroline Fairhurst, Fabiola Martin, Ian Watt, Tim Doran, Martin Bland, William J. Brackenbury(2016) Sodium channel-inhibiting drugs and cancer survival: protocol for a cohort study using the CPRD primary care database. BMJ Open, doi:
- Link to fulltext article
- Abstract
- Introduction: Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)-inhibiting drugs are commonly used to treat epilepsy and cardiac arrhythmia. VGSCs are also widely expressed in various cancers, including those of the breast, bowel and prostate. A number of VGSC-inhibiting drugs have been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, invasion, tumour growth and metastasis in preclinical models, suggesting that VGSCs may be novel molecular targets for cancer treatment. Surprisingly, we previously found that prior exposure to VGSC-inhibiting drugs may be associated with reduced overall survival in cancer patients, but we were unable to control for cause of death or indication for prescription. The purpose of the present study is to interrogate a different database in order to further investigate the relationship between VGSC-inhibiting drugs and cancer-specific survival. Methods and analysis: A cohort study using primary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) database will include patients with diagnosis of breast, bowel and prostate cancer (approx. n=13,000). The primary outcome will be cancer-specific survival from date of cancer diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression will be used to compare survival of patients taking VGSC-inhibiting drugs (including antiepileptic drugs and Class I antiarrhythmic agents) with cancer patients not taking these drugs, adjusting for cancer type, age and sex. Drug exposure will be treated as a time-varying covariate to account for potential immortal time bias. Various sensitivity and secondary analyses will be performed. Ethics and dissemination: The project has been reviewed and approved by the University of York Ethical Review Process. Results will be presented at an international conference and published in open access peer-reviewed journals according to the STROBE and RECORD guidelines.
- Author for correspondence
- William J. Brackenbury
- Email for correspondence
- william.brackenbury@york.ac.uk
Code list: res47: Ethnicity
168 codes in list
| Code | Coding system | Description | Entity type | List name | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 916E.00 | Read | Patient ethnicity unknown | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 918t.00 | Read | Carer from Black and minority ethnic group | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i...00 | Read | Ethnic category - 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i0..00 | Read | British or mixed British - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i00.00 | Read | White British - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i1..00 | Read | Irish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i10.00 | Read | White Irish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2..00 | Read | Other White background - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i20.00 | Read | English - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i21.00 | Read | Scottish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i22.00 | Read | Welsh - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i23.00 | Read | Cornish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i24.00 | Read | Northern Irish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i25.00 | Read | Ulster Scots - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i26.00 | Read | Cypriot (part not stated) - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i27.00 | Read | Greek - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i28.00 | Read | Greek Cypriot - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i29.00 | Read | Turkish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2A.00 | Read | Turkish Cypriot - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2B.00 | Read | Italian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2C.00 | Read | Irish Traveller - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2D.00 | Read | Traveller - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2E.00 | Read | Gypsy/Romany - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2F.00 | Read | Polish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2G.00 | Read | Baltic Estonian/Latvian/Lithuanian - ethn categ 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2H.00 | Read | Commonwealth (Russian) Indep States - ethn categ 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2J.00 | Read | Kosovan - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2K.00 | Read | Albanian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2L.00 | Read | Bosnian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2M.00 | Read | Croatian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2N.00 | Read | Serbian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2P.00 | Read | Other republics former Yugoslavia - ethnic categ 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2Q.00 | Read | Mixed Irish and other White - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2R.00 | Read | Oth White European/European unsp/Mixed European 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2S.00 | Read | Other mixed White - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i2T.00 | Read | Other White or White unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i3..00 | Read | White and Black Caribbean - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i4..00 | Read | White and Black African - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i5..00 | Read | White and Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i6..00 | Read | Other Mixed background - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i60.00 | Read | Black and Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i61.00 | Read | Black and Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i62.00 | Read | Black and White - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i63.00 | Read | Chinese and White - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i64.00 | Read | Asian and Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i65.00 | Read | Other Mixed or Mixed unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i7..00 | Read | Indian or British Indian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i8..00 | Read | Pakistani or British Pakistani - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9i9..00 | Read | Bangladeshi or British Bangladeshi - ethn categ 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA..00 | Read | Other Asian background - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA1.00 | Read | Punjabi - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA2.00 | Read | Kashmiri - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA3.00 | Read | East African Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA4.00 | Read | Sri Lankan - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA5.00 | Read | Tamil - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA6.00 | Read | Sinhalese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA7.00 | Read | Caribbean Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA8.00 | Read | British Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iA9.00 | Read | Mixed Asian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iAA.00 | Read | Other Asian or Asian unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iB..00 | Read | Caribbean - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iC..00 | Read | African - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD..00 | Read | Other Black background - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD0.00 | Read | Somali - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD1.00 | Read | Nigerian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD2.00 | Read | Black British - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD3.00 | Read | Mixed Black - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iD4.00 | Read | Other Black or Black unspecified ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iE..00 | Read | Chinese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF..00 | Read | Other - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF0.00 | Read | Vietnamese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF1.00 | Read | Japanese - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF2.00 | Read | Filipino - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF3.00 | Read | Malaysian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF4.00 | Read | Buddhist - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF5.00 | Read | Hindu - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF6.00 | Read | Jewish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF7.00 | Read | Muslim - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF8.00 | Read | Sikh - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iF9.00 | Read | Arab - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFA.00 | Read | North African - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFB.00 | Read | Mid East (excl Israeli, Iranian & Arab) - eth cat 2001 cens | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFC.00 | Read | Israeli - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFD.00 | Read | Iranian - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFE.00 | Read | Kurdish - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFF.00 | Read | Moroccan - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFG.00 | Read | Latin American - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFH.00 | Read | South and Central American - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFJ.00 | Read | Mauritian/Seychellois/Maldivian/St Helena eth cat 2001census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iFK.00 | Read | Any other group - ethnic category 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9iG..00 | Read | Ethnic category not stated - 2001 census | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S...00 | Read | Ethnic groups (census) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S1..00 | Read | White | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S10.00 | Read | White British | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S11.00 | Read | White Irish | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S12.00 | Read | Other white ethnic group | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S13.00 | Read | White Scottish | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S14.00 | Read | Other white British ethnic group | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S2..00 | Read | Black Caribbean | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S3..00 | Read | Black African | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S4..00 | Read | Black, other, non-mixed origin | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S41.00 | Read | Black British | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S42.00 | Read | Black Caribbean/W.I./Guyana | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S42.11 | Read | Black Caribbean | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S42.12 | Read | Black West Indian | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S42.13 | Read | Black Guyana | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S43.00 | Read | Black N African/Arab/Iranian | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S43.11 | Read | Black North African | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S43.12 | Read | Black Arab | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S43.13 | Read | Black Iranian | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S44.00 | Read | Black - other African country | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S45.00 | Read | Black E Afric Asia/Indo-Caribb | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S45.11 | Read | Black East African Asian | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S45.12 | Read | Black Indo-Caribbean | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S46.00 | Read | Black Indian sub-continent | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S47.00 | Read | Black - other Asian | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S48.00 | Read | Black Black - other | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S5..00 | Read | Black - other, mixed | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S51.00 | Read | Other Black - Black/White orig | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S52.00 | Read | Other Black - Black/Asian orig | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S6..00 | Read | Indian | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S7..00 | Read | Pakistani | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S8..00 | Read | Bangladeshi | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9S9..00 | Read | Chinese | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA..00 | Read | Other ethnic non-mixed (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA1.00 | Read | Brit. ethnic minor. spec.(NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA2.00 | Read | Brit. ethnic minor. unsp (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA3.00 | Read | Caribbean I./W.I./Guyana (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA3.11 | Read | Caribbean Island (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA3.12 | Read | West Indian (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA3.13 | Read | Guyana (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA4.00 | Read | N African Arab/Iranian (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA4.11 | Read | North African Arab (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA4.12 | Read | Iranian (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA5.00 | Read | Other African countries (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA6.00 | Read | E Afric Asian/Indo-Carib (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA6.11 | Read | East African Asian (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA6.12 | Read | Indo-Caribbean (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA7.00 | Read | Indian sub-continent (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA8.00 | Read | Other Asian (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SA9.00 | Read | Irish (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAA.00 | Read | Greek/Greek Cypriot (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAA.11 | Read | Greek (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAA.12 | Read | Greek Cypriot (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAB.00 | Read | Turkish/Turkish Cypriot (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAB.11 | Read | Turkish (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAB.12 | Read | Turkish Cypriot (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAC.00 | Read | Other European (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SAD.00 | Read | Other ethnic NEC (NMO) | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SB..00 | Read | Other ethnic, mixed origin | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SB1.00 | Read | Other ethnic, Black/White orig | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SB2.00 | Read | Other ethnic, Asian/White orig | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SB3.00 | Read | Other ethnic, mixed white orig | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SB4.00 | Read | Other ethnic, other mixed orig | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SB5.00 | Read | Black Caribbean and White | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SB6.00 | Read | Black African and White | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SC..00 | Read | Vietnamese | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SD..00 | Read | Ethnic group not given - patient refused | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SE..00 | Read | Ethnic group not recorded | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SG..00 | Read | Other black ethnic group | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SH..00 | Read | Other Asian ethnic group | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SI..00 | Read | Irish traveller | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SJ..00 | Read | Other ethnic group | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9SZ..00 | Read | Ethnic groups (census) NOS | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T15.00 | Read | Cook Island Maori | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T1C.00 | Read | Chinese | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T5..00 | Read | Bulgarian | test | res47: Ethnicity | |||
| 9T6..00 | Read | Czech | test | res47: Ethnicity |
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