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Research article:
Withdrawing Performance Indicators: Retrospective Analysis of General Practice Performance Under the UKs Quality and Outcomes Framework
Reference:
Kontopantelis, Evangelos; Springate, David; Reeves, David; Ashcroft, Darren; Valderas, Jose M; Doran, Tim(2014) Withdrawing Performance Indicators: Retrospective Analysis of General Practice Performance Under the UKs Quality and Outcomes Framework. British Medical Journal, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g330
- Link to fulltext article
- Abstract
- Objectives: To investigate the effect of withdrawing incentives on recorded quality of care, in the context of the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework pay-for-performance scheme. Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Setting: Data for 644 general practices, from 2004/5 to 2011/12, extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Participants: All patients registered with any of the practices over the study period, 13,772,992 in total. Intervention: The removal of financial incentives for aspects of care for patients with asthma, coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke and psychosis. Main outcome measures: Performance on eight clinical quality indicators withdrawn from a national incentive scheme: influenza immunisation (asthma) and lithium therapy monitoring (psychosis), removed in April 2006; blood pressure monitoring (coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke), cholesterol level monitoring (coronary heart disease, diabetes) and blood glucose monitoring (diabetes), removed in April 2011. Multilevel mixed effects multiple linear regression models were used to quantify the effect of incentive withdrawal. Results: Mean levels of performance were generally stable after the removal of the incentives, both short- and long-term. For the two indicators removed in April 2006/7, levels in 2011/12 were very close to 2005/6 levels, although a small but statistically significant drop was estimated for influenza immunisation. For five of the six indicators withdrawn in from April 2011/12, there was no significant impact on performance in that year following removal and differences between predicted and observed scores were small. Performance on related outcome indicators retained in the scheme (e.g. blood pressure control) was generally unaffected. Conclusions: Following the removal of incentives, levels of performance across a range of clinical activities generally remained stable. This indicates that health benefits from incentive schemes can potentially be increased by periodically replacing existing indicators with new indicators relating to alternative aspects of care. However, most of the aspects of care we investigated remained indirectly incentivised and further work is required to assess the generalisability of the findings when incentives are fully withdrawn.
- Author for correspondence
- Evangelos Kontopantelis
- Email for correspondence
- e.kontopantelis@manchester.ac.uk
Code list: Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease
48 codes in list
| Code | Coding system | Description | Entity type | List name | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H3...00 | Read | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H31..00 | Read | Chronic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H310.00 | Read | Simple chronic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H310000 | Read | Chronic catarrhal bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H310z00 | Read | Simple chronic bronchitis NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H311.00 | Read | Mucopurulent chronic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H311000 | Read | Purulent chronic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H311100 | Read | Fetid chronic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H311z00 | Read | Mucopurulent chronic bronchitis NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H312.00 | Read | Obstructive chronic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H312000 | Read | Chronic asthmatic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H312011 | Read | Chronic wheezy bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H312100 | Read | Emphysematous bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H312300 | Read | Bronchiolitis obliterans | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H312z00 | Read | Obstructive chronic bronchitis NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H313.00 | Read | Mixed simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H31y.00 | Read | Other chronic bronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H31y100 | Read | Chronic tracheobronchitis | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H31yz00 | Read | Other chronic bronchitis NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H31z.00 | Read | Chronic bronchitis NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H32..00 | Read | Emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H320.00 | Read | Chronic bullous emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H320000 | Read | Segmental bullous emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H320100 | Read | Zonal bullous emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H320200 | Read | Giant bullous emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H320300 | Read | Bullous emphysema with collapse | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H320z00 | Read | Chronic bullous emphysema NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H321.00 | Read | Panlobular emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H322.00 | Read | Centrilobular emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H32y.00 | Read | Other emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H32y000 | Read | Acute vesicular emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H32y100 | Read | Atrophic (senile) emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H32y111 | Read | Acute interstitial emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H32y200 | Read | MacLeod's unilateral emphysema | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H32yz00 | Read | Other emphysema NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H32z.00 | Read | Emphysema NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H36..00 | Read | Mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H37..00 | Read | Moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H38..00 | Read | Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H3y..11 | Read | Other specified chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| H3z..11 | Read | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease NOS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| 491 | OXMIS | CHRONIC BRONCHITIS | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| 491 E | OXMIS | CHRONIC BRONCHITIS WITH EMPHYSEMA | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| 492 | OXMIS | EMPHYSEMA PULMONARY | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| 492 AC | OXMIS | EMPHYSEMA APICAL BULLAE | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| 5199G | OXMIS | OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAYS DISEASE CHRONIC | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| 5199GL | OXMIS | COLD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE) | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease | |||
| 5199GP | OXMIS | COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISE | diagnostic | Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease |
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Codes used to identify patients with COPD. COPD treated as a chronic condition. Patients with any codes from this list prior to the end of a given QOF year are included for that year.