Code list: lithium

Research article:

Withdrawing Performance Indicators: Retrospective Analysis of General Practice Performance Under the UKs Quality and Outcomes Framework

Reference:

Kontopantelis, Evangelos; Springate, David; Reeves, David; Ashcroft, Darren; Valderas, Jose M; Doran, Tim(2014) Withdrawing Performance Indicators: Retrospective Analysis of General Practice Performance Under the UKs Quality and Outcomes Framework. British Medical Journal, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g330

Link to fulltext article
Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the effect of withdrawing incentives on recorded quality of care, in the context of the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework pay-for-performance scheme. Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Setting: Data for 644 general practices, from 2004/5 to 2011/12, extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Participants: All patients registered with any of the practices over the study period, 13,772,992 in total. Intervention: The removal of financial incentives for aspects of care for patients with asthma, coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke and psychosis. Main outcome measures: Performance on eight clinical quality indicators withdrawn from a national incentive scheme: influenza immunisation (asthma) and lithium therapy monitoring (psychosis), removed in April 2006; blood pressure monitoring (coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke), cholesterol level monitoring (coronary heart disease, diabetes) and blood glucose monitoring (diabetes), removed in April 2011. Multilevel mixed effects multiple linear regression models were used to quantify the effect of incentive withdrawal. Results: Mean levels of performance were generally stable after the removal of the incentives, both short- and long-term. For the two indicators removed in April 2006/7, levels in 2011/12 were very close to 2005/6 levels, although a small but statistically significant drop was estimated for influenza immunisation. For five of the six indicators withdrawn in from April 2011/12, there was no significant impact on performance in that year following removal and differences between predicted and observed scores were small. Performance on related outcome indicators retained in the scheme (e.g. blood pressure control) was generally unaffected. Conclusions: Following the removal of incentives, levels of performance across a range of clinical activities generally remained stable. This indicates that health benefits from incentive schemes can potentially be increased by periodically replacing existing indicators with new indicators relating to alternative aspects of care. However, most of the aspects of care we investigated remained indirectly incentivised and further work is required to assess the generalisability of the findings when incentives are fully withdrawn.
Author for correspondence: Evangelos Kontopantelis
Email for correspondence: e.kontopantelis@manchester.ac.uk

Code list: lithium_therapy

18 codes in list

Code	Coding system	Description	Entity type	List name	resolve_code	type
44vE.00	Read	Lithium level therapeutic	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3/MH_4
44W8.00	Read	Serum lithium level	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
44W8000	Read	Lithium level therapeutic	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3/MH_4
44W8100	Read	Lithium level high - toxic	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
44W8.11	Read	Lithium: blood level	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
44W8200	Read	Lithium level low	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
6657.00	Read	On lithium	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	On_lithium
6657.11	Read	Lithium monitoring	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	On_lithium
6657.12	Read	Started lithium	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	On_lithium
665B.00	Read	Lithium stopped	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	1	On_lithium
9859	Read	TOXICITY LITHIUM	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
R105300	Read	[D]Lithium; blood level abnormal	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
T3551CA	Read	LITHIUM THERAPY	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	On_lithium
L 130L	OXMIS	SERUM LITHIUM LEVEL	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
L 130LA	OXMIS	LITHIUM LEVEL	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
L 130LB	OXMIS	LITHIUM LEVEL LOW	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3
L 130LC	OXMIS	LITHIUM LEVEL THERAPEUTIC	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3/MH_4
L 130LD	OXMIS	LITHIUM LEVEL HIGH	diagnostic	lithium_therapy	0	MH_3

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