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Research article:
Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Quantifying Relationships in Ethnic Subgroups
Reference:
Alison K. Wright, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Richard Emsley, Iain Buchan, Naveed Sattar, Martin K. Rutter, Darren M. Ashcroft(2017) Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Quantifying Relationships in Ethnic Subgroups. Diabetes Care, doi: 10.2337/dc16-1616
- Link to article
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVES This study 1) investigated life expectancy and cause-specific mortality rates associated with type 2 diabetes and 2) quantified these relationships in ethnic subgroups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a cohort study using Clinical Practice Research Datalink data from 383 general practices in England with linked hospitalization and mortality records. A total of 187,968 patients with incident type 2 diabetes from 1998 to 2015 were matched to 908,016 control subjects. Abridged life tables estimated years of life lost, and a competing risk survival model quantified cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS A total of 40,286 deaths occurred in patients with type 2 diabetes. At age 40, white men with diabetes lost 5 years of life and white women lost 6 years compared with those without diabetes. A loss of between 1 and 2 years was observed for South Asians and blacks with diabetes. At age older than 65 years, South Asians with diabetes had up to 1.1 years’ longer life expectancy than South Asians without diabetes. Compared with whites with diabetes, South Asians with diabetes had lower adjusted risks for mortality from cardiovascular (HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.75, 0.89), cancer (HR 0.43; 95% CI 0.36, 0.51), and respiratory diseases (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.48, 0.76). A similar pattern was observed in blacks with diabetes compared with whites with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetes was associated with more years of life lost among whites than among South Asians or blacks, with older South Asians experiencing longer life expectancy compared with South Asians without diabetes. The findings support optimized cardiovascular disease risk factor management, especially in whites with type 2 diabetes.
- Author for correspondence
- Darren M. Ashcroft
- Email for correspondence
- darren.ashcroft@manchester.ac.uk.
Code list: res56: antidiabetic medications
292 codes in list
| Code | Coding system | Description | Entity type | List name | drug type | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10051 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 45mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 11284 | CPRD_product_code | Amaryl 4mg tablets (Zentiva) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 11316 | CPRD_product_code | NovoNorm 500microgram tablets (Novo Nordisk Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 11321 | CPRD_product_code | NovoNorm 1mg tablets (Novo Nordisk Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 11366 | CPRD_product_code | NovoNorm 2mg tablets (Novo Nordisk Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 11483 | CPRD_product_code | Nateglinide 60mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 11601 | CPRD_product_code | Rosiglitazone 2mg / Metformin 500mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 11604 | CPRD_product_code | Rosiglitazone 1mg / Metformin 500mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 11609 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin with rosiglitazone 500mg + 1mg Tablet | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 11610 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin with rosiglitazone 500mg + 2mg Tablet | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 11695 | CPRD_product_code | Diamicron 30mg MR tablets (Servier Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 11717 | CPRD_product_code | Rosiglitazone 2mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 11737 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin with rosiglitazone 1000mg + 4mg Tablet | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 11760 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin with rosiglitazone 1000mg + 2mg Tablet | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 11946 | CPRD_product_code | Tolbutamide 50mg/ml Injection | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 11990 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg/5ml oral solution sugar free | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 12455 | CPRD_product_code | Rastinon 500mg Tablet (Hoechst Marion Roussel) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 12513 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenese 5mg tablets (Pfizer Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 1254 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 5mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 13331 | CPRD_product_code | Euglucon 5mg tablets (Sanofi) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 14164 | CPRD_product_code | Avandamet 2mg/1000mg tablets (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 15232 | CPRD_product_code | Avandia 8mg tablets (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 15374 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 40mg/5ml oral suspension | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 15955 | CPRD_product_code | Starlix 120mg tablets (Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 16044 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage SR 500mg tablets (Merck Serono Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 16211 | CPRD_product_code | TOLBUTAMIDE 100 MG TAB | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 16213 | CPRD_product_code | METFORMIN 250 MG TAB | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 16602 | CPRD_product_code | Calabren 2.5mg Tablet (Berk Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 17343 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 17580 | CPRD_product_code | Avandamet 1mg/500mg tablets (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 17698 | CPRD_product_code | Minodiab 5mg tablets (Pfizer Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 17706 | CPRD_product_code | Minodiab 2.5mg tablets (Pfizer Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 18220 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 15mg / Metformin 850mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 19472 | CPRD_product_code | Actos 45mg tablets (Takeda UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 1964 | CPRD_product_code | Diamicron 80mg tablets (Servier Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 1965 | CPRD_product_code | Tolbutamide 500mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 20287 | CPRD_product_code | Actos 15mg tablets (Takeda UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 20810 | CPRD_product_code | METFORMIN | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 20889 | CPRD_product_code | Actos 30mg tablets (Takeda UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 21424 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 5mg/5ml oral suspension | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 21564 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 21832 | CPRD_product_code | Diabetamide 5mg tablets (Ashbourne Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 21892 | CPRD_product_code | Diaglyk 80mg tablets (Ashbourne Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 2219 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 2.5mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 22636 | CPRD_product_code | TOLBUTAMIDE 1 GM TAB | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 23 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 23945 | CPRD_product_code | Starlix 60mg tablets (Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 25636 | CPRD_product_code | Libanil 2.5mg Tablet (Approved Prescription Services Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 25678 | CPRD_product_code | Glucamet 500mg Tablet (Opus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 26218 | CPRD_product_code | Calabren 5mg Tablet (Berk Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 26258 | CPRD_product_code | Glucamet 850mg Tablet (Opus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 27125 | CPRD_product_code | Starlix 180mg tablets (Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 27501 | CPRD_product_code | Orabet 500mg Tablet (Lagap) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 28708 | CPRD_product_code | Malix 2.5mg Tablet (Lagap) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 2928 | CPRD_product_code | METFORMIN HCl 850 MG TAB | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 29326 | CPRD_product_code | Glipizide 5mg tablets (Mylan Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 29939 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Mylan Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 30316 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin with pioglitazone 850mg + 15mg Tablet | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 30460 | CPRD_product_code | Malix 5mg Tablet (Lagap) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 31077 | CPRD_product_code | Competact 15mg/850mg tablets (Takeda UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 31146 | CPRD_product_code | Metsol 500mg/5ml oral solution (Kappin Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 31212 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 31474 | CPRD_product_code | Libanil 5mg Tablet (Approved Prescription Services Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 32 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 3252 | CPRD_product_code | METFORMIN HCl 500 MG TAB | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 33087 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 33562 | CPRD_product_code | Duclazide 80mg Tablet (Dumex Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 33673 | CPRD_product_code | Tolbutamide 500mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 33674 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34004 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34020 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34135 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg Tablet (M & A Pharmachem Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34323 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34399 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 34504 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34507 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 2.5mg tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 34563 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 5mg tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 34598 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Mylan Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34676 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 2.5mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 34697 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34706 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 2.5mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 34742 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34802 | CPRD_product_code | Glipizide 5mg tablets (IVAX Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 34836 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34917 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 34932 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Genus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 34957 | CPRD_product_code | Tolbutamide 500mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 35022 | CPRD_product_code | Sitagliptin 100mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 35144 | CPRD_product_code | Byetta 5micrograms/0.02ml solution for injection 1.2ml pre-filled disposable devices (AstraZeneca UK | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 35149 | CPRD_product_code | Exenatide 10micrograms/0.04ml solution for injection 2.4ml pre-filled disposable devices | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 35150 | CPRD_product_code | Byetta 10micrograms/0.04ml solution for injection 2.4ml pre-filled disposable devices (AstraZeneca U | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 35251 | CPRD_product_code | Exenatide 5micrograms/0.02ml solution for injection 1.2ml pre-filled disposable devices | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 35462 | CPRD_product_code | Januvia 100mg tablets (Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 35561 | CPRD_product_code | Prandin 2mg tablets (Novo Nordisk Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 36774 | CPRD_product_code | Prandin 1mg tablets (Novo Nordisk Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 36856 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Sandoz Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 36948 | CPRD_product_code | Prandin 0.5mg tablets (Novo Nordisk Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 37617 | CPRD_product_code | Rosiglitazone 2mg tablet | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 37874 | CPRD_product_code | Vildagliptin 50mg / Metformin 850mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 37875 | CPRD_product_code | Vildagliptin 50mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 37902 | CPRD_product_code | Vildagliptin 50mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 38355 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 750mg modified-release tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 38400 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage SR 750mg tablets (Merck Serono Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 38551 | CPRD_product_code | Eucreas 50mg/1000mg tablets (Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 39149 | CPRD_product_code | Galvus 50mg tablets (Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 39203 | CPRD_product_code | Eucreas 50mg/850mg tablets (Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 39560 | CPRD_product_code | Bolamyn SR 500mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 39598 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 1g modified-release tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 39729 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage SR 1000mg tablets (Merck Serono Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 39988 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg oral powder sachets sugar free | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 40007 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage 1000mg oral powder sachets (Merck Serono Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 40110 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage 500mg oral powder sachets (Merck Serono Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 40233 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 1g oral powder sachets sugar free | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 40365 | CPRD_product_code | Glimepiride 1mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 40425 | CPRD_product_code | Nazdol MR 30mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 40642 | CPRD_product_code | Victoza 6mg/ml solution for injection 3ml pre-filled pen (Novo Nordisk Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 40693 | CPRD_product_code | Liraglutide 6mg/ml solution for injection 3ml pre-filled disposable devices | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 41204 | CPRD_product_code | Saxagliptin 5mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 41431 | CPRD_product_code | Onglyza 5mg tablets (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 41558 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 5mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 41559 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 5mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 41593 | CPRD_product_code | Glibenclamide 2.5mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 41898 | CPRD_product_code | GLIBENCLAMIDE | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 42161 | CPRD_product_code | Orabet 500mg Tablet (Sandoz Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 42790 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg Tablet (Merck Generics (UK) Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 43065 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 40mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 43270 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg/5ml oral solution sugar free (Rosemont Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 43465 | CPRD_product_code | Zicron 40mg tablets (Bristol Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 43619 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 1g / Sitagliptin 50mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 43684 | CPRD_product_code | Janumet 50mg/1000mg tablets (Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 44250 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg/5ml Oral solution (Hillcross Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 44304 | CPRD_product_code | Glyconon 500mg Tablet (DDSA Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 44473 | CPRD_product_code | Edicil MR 30mg tablets (Ratiopharm UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 44738 | CPRD_product_code | Niddaryl 1mg tablets (Dee Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 45215 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg Tablet (Neo Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 45581 | CPRD_product_code | Metabet SR 500mg tablets (Morningside Healthcare Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 45775 | CPRD_product_code | Saxagliptin 2.5mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 45821 | CPRD_product_code | Onglyza 2.5mg tablets (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 45831 | CPRD_product_code | Dacadis MR 30mg tablets (Mylan Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 46458 | CPRD_product_code | Exenatide 2mg powder and solvent for suspension for injection vials | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 46469 | CPRD_product_code | Bydureon 2mg powder and solvent for suspension for injection vials (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 46665 | CPRD_product_code | Linagliptin 5mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 46716 | CPRD_product_code | Trajenta 5mg tablets (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 469 | CPRD_product_code | Rosiglitazone 4mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 46927 | CPRD_product_code | Tolbutamide 500mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 46989 | CPRD_product_code | Metabet SR 1000mg tablets (Morningside Healthcare Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 47074 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg/5ml oral suspension | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 47894 | CPRD_product_code | Nazdol MR 30mg tablets (Consilient Health Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 47939 | CPRD_product_code | Glucient SR 500mg tablets (Consilient Health Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 48056 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Sovereign Medical Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 48120 | CPRD_product_code | Avandia 2mg Tablet (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 48139 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 30mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 48149 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Almus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 48401 | CPRD_product_code | Sitagliptin 50mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 48533 | CPRD_product_code | Sitagliptin 25mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 4862 | CPRD_product_code | Diabetamide 2.5mg tablets (Ashbourne Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 49502 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage SR 500mg tablets (Mawdsley-Brooks & Company Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 49738 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 1g modified-release tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 50087 | CPRD_product_code | Januvia 50mg tablets (Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 50124 | CPRD_product_code | Januvia 25mg tablets (Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 50570 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage SR 500mg tablets (Lexon (UK) Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 50682 | CPRD_product_code | Jentadueto 2.5mg/1000mg tablets (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 50821 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (Pfizer Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 50970 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Bristol Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 51080 | CPRD_product_code | Metabet SR 1000mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 51135 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg modified-release tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 51527 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Boston Healthcare Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 51955 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Accord Healthcare Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 52203 | CPRD_product_code | Enyglid 0.5mg tablets (Consilient Health Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 52221 | CPRD_product_code | Diagemet XL 500mg tablets (Genus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 5227 | CPRD_product_code | Rosiglitazone 8mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 52442 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Pfizer Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 52445 | CPRD_product_code | Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 52449 | CPRD_product_code | Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 850mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 52634 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage SR 500mg tablets (DE Pharmaceuticals) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 5276 | CPRD_product_code | Glimepiride 1mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 5316 | CPRD_product_code | Glimepiride 4mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 53288 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 30mg modified-release tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 53478 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg modified-release tablets (Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 5353 | CPRD_product_code | Glimepiride 2mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 53774 | CPRD_product_code | Metabet SR 500mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 53867 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Zentiva) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 54150 | CPRD_product_code | Jentadueto 2.5mg/850mg tablets (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 54182 | CPRD_product_code | Dapagliflozin 10mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 54203 | CPRD_product_code | Forxiga 10mg tablets (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 54265 | CPRD_product_code | Dapagliflozin 5mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 54442 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin (roi) 1000mg Tablet | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 54480 | CPRD_product_code | Forxiga 5mg tablets (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 547 | CPRD_product_code | Glipizide 2.5mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 54764 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Arrow Generics Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 548 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 15mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 54891 | CPRD_product_code | Saxagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 54898 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (Almus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 54973 | CPRD_product_code | Saxagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 850mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 55270 | CPRD_product_code | Duformin 500mg Tablet (Dumex Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 55711 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 55728 | CPRD_product_code | Lyxumia 10micrograms/0.2ml solution for injection 3ml pre-filled pen (Sanofi) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 55729 | CPRD_product_code | Lyxumia 20micrograms/0.2ml solution for injection 3ml pre-filled pen (Sanofi) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 55739 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Tillomed Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 55767 | CPRD_product_code | Lyxumia 10micrograms/0.2ml solution for injection 3ml pre-filled pen and Lyxumia 20micrograms/0.2ml | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 55862 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide Oral solution | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 56008 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Almus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 56208 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 15mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 5627 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 30mg modified-release tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 5636 | CPRD_product_code | Glipizide 5mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 56376 | CPRD_product_code | Rosiglitazone 4mg with glimepiride 4mg tablet | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 56437 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 60mg modified-release tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 5678 | CPRD_product_code | Nateglinide 120mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 56965 | CPRD_product_code | Komboglyze 2.5mg/1000mg tablets (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 57147 | CPRD_product_code | Bolamyn SR 1000mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 57457 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg tablets (Aurobindo Pharma Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 57601 | CPRD_product_code | Daonil 5mg tablets (Dowelhurst Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 57659 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 30mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 57830 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 30mg modified-release tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 58051 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg/5ml oral solution | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 58607 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg/5ml oral solution sugar free (Zentiva) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 58865 | CPRD_product_code | Komboglyze 2.5mg/850mg tablets (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 58882 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 120mg/5ml oral suspension | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 59385 | CPRD_product_code | Vipdomet 12.5mg/1000mg tablets (Takeda UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 59620 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage SR 500mg tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 59809 | CPRD_product_code | Alogliptin 6.25mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 5989 | CPRD_product_code | Nateglinide 180mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 60012 | CPRD_product_code | Dapagliflozin 5mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 60066 | CPRD_product_code | Invokana 100mg tablets (Janssen-Cilag Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 60074 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 1g modified-release tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 60211 | CPRD_product_code | Canagliflozin 100mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 60286 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg/5ml oral suspension | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 60379 | CPRD_product_code | Invokana 300mg tablets (Janssen-Cilag Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 60430 | CPRD_product_code | Invokana 100mg tablets (Janssen-Cilag Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 60495 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 60497 | CPRD_product_code | Alogliptin 12.5mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 60643 | CPRD_product_code | Xigduo 5mg/1000mg tablets (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 60681 | CPRD_product_code | Vipidia 12.5mg tablets (Takeda UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 60682 | CPRD_product_code | Vipidia 25mg tablets (Takeda UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 60968 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg modified-release tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 61043 | CPRD_product_code | Sukkarto SR 1000mg tablets (Morningside Healthcare Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 61311 | CPRD_product_code | Glimepiride 4mg tablets (Sigma Pharmaceuticals Plc) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 61559 | CPRD_product_code | Sukkarto SR 500mg tablets (Morningside Healthcare Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 61925 | CPRD_product_code | NovoNorm 500microgram tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 61957 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 40mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 62014 | CPRD_product_code | Glimepiride 2mg tablets (Accord Healthcare Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 62034 | CPRD_product_code | Laaglyda MR 60mg tablets (Consilient Health Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 62144 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg modified-release tablets (DE Pharmaceuticals) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 62265 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg modified-release tablets (Mawdsley-Brooks & Company Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 62326 | CPRD_product_code | Vipidia 6.25mg tablets (Takeda UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | DPP-4i | ||
| 62426 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 30mg tablets (Accord Healthcare Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 62605 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 62661 | CPRD_product_code | Bydureon 2mg powder and solvent for suspension for injection pre-filled pen (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 62760 | CPRD_product_code | Jardiance 10mg tablets (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 62824 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 1g modified-release tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 62899 | CPRD_product_code | Xultophy 100units/ml / 3.6mg/ml solution for injection 3ml pre-filled pen (Novo Nordisk Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 63031 | CPRD_product_code | Dapagliflozin 5mg / Metformin 850mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 63045 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets (Relonchem Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 63046 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 45mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 63048 | CPRD_product_code | Gliclazide 80mg tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 63107 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 45mg tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 63131 | CPRD_product_code | Ziclaseg 30mg modified-release tablets (Lupin (Europe) Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 63307 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 1g/5ml oral solution | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 6337 | CPRD_product_code | Glimepiride 3mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 63421 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 30mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 63516 | CPRD_product_code | Forxiga 10mg tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 63929 | CPRD_product_code | Canagliflozin 50mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 64217 | CPRD_product_code | Jardiance 25mg tablets (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | SGLT2-i | ||
| 64622 | CPRD_product_code | Bydureon 2mg powder and solvent for suspension for injection vials (Lexon (UK) Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | GLP-1 | ||
| 64743 | CPRD_product_code | Canagliflozin 50mg / Metformin 850mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 64900 | CPRD_product_code | Glidipion 30mg tablets (Actavis UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 64939 | CPRD_product_code | Glucient SR 1000mg tablets (Consilient Health Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 65057 | CPRD_product_code | Empagliflozin 5mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 65059 | CPRD_product_code | Xigduo 5mg/850mg tablets (AstraZeneca UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 65066 | CPRD_product_code | Empagliflozin 12.5mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 65083 | CPRD_product_code | Synjardy 5mg/1000mg tablets (Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 6855 | CPRD_product_code | Avandamet 2mg/500mg tablets (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 7048 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 500mg modified-release tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 7166 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage 500mg tablets (Merck Serono Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 7284 | CPRD_product_code | Amaryl 2mg tablets (Zentiva) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 7325 | CPRD_product_code | Avandamet 4mg/1000mg tablets (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 7332 | CPRD_product_code | Amaryl 1mg tablets (Zentiva) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 735 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 100mg/ml Oral solution | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 7375 | CPRD_product_code | Rosiglitazone 4mg / Metformin 1g tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Combined Tablet | ||
| 7409 | CPRD_product_code | Amaryl 3mg tablets (Zentiva) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 7610 | CPRD_product_code | Glucophage 850mg tablets (Merck Serono Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 7744 | CPRD_product_code | Daonil 5mg tablets (Sanofi) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 7815 | CPRD_product_code | METFORMIN 800 MG TAB | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 7912 | CPRD_product_code | Semi-Daonil 2.5mg tablets (Sanofi) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 8976 | CPRD_product_code | Euglucon 2.5mg tablets (Aventis Pharma) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 9108 | CPRD_product_code | TOLBUTAMIDE 250 MG TAB | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Sulphonylureas | ||
| 93 | CPRD_product_code | Metformin 850mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Metformin | ||
| 9662 | CPRD_product_code | Avandia 4mg tablets (GlaxoSmithKline UK Ltd) | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 9699 | CPRD_product_code | Pioglitazone 30mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Glitazone | ||
| 9707 | CPRD_product_code | Repaglinide 1mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 9748 | CPRD_product_code | Repaglinide 2mg tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide | ||
| 9865 | CPRD_product_code | Repaglinide 500microgram tablets | drug | res56: antidiabetic medications | Meglitinide |
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Code list links:
ClinicalCodes is a project at the University of Manchester Institute of Population Health
The ClinicalCodes project is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School for Primary Care Research (SPCR)