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Research article:
Cardiovascular Risk and Risk Factor Management in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Assessing Sex Disparities
Reference:
Alison K. Wright, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Richard Emsley, Iain Edward Buchan, Mamas A. Mamas, Naveed Sattar, Darren M. Ashcroft, and Martin K. Rutter(2019) Cardiovascular Risk and Risk Factor Management in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Assessing Sex Disparities. Circulation, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039100
- Link to article
- Abstract
- Background: With recent changes in UK clinical practice for diabetes care, contemporary estimates of sex disparities in cardiovascular risk and risk factor management are needed. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to hospital and death records for people in England, we identified 79,985 patients with incident T2DM between 2006-2013 matched to 386,547 patients without diabetes. Sex-stratified Cox models were used to assess cardiovascular risk. Results: Compared to women without T2DM, women with T2DM had a higher cardiovascular event risk (adjusted HR 1.20 [95% CI 1.12-1.28]) with similar corresponding data in men (HR 1.12 [1.06-1.19]) leading to a non-significant higher relative risk in women (risk ratio 1.07 [0.98-1.17]). However, some important sex differences in the management of risk factors were observed. Compared to men with T2DM, women with T2DM were more likely to be obese, hypertensive and have hypercholesterolaemia but were less likely to be prescribed lipid-lowering medication and ACE inhibitors, especially if they had CVD. Conclusions: Compared to men developing T2DM, women with T2DM do not have a significantly higher relative increase in cardiovascular risk, but ongoing sex disparities in prescribing should prompt heightened efforts to improve the standard and equity of diabetes care in women and men.
- Author for correspondence
- Alison Wright
- Email for correspondence
- alison.wright@manchester.ac.uk
Code list: res72: Antiplatelets
109 codes in list
| Code | Coding system | Description | Entity type | List name | drug_type | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | CPRD_product_code | aspirin tablets 75mg | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 18329 | CPRD_product_code | ENPRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [GALPHARM] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 19189 | CPRD_product_code | MICROPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [RATIOPHARM] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 22618 | CPRD_product_code | SOLPRIN tablets 75mg [RECKITT B] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 23593 | CPRD_product_code | POSTMI dispersible tablet 75mg [ASHBOURNE] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 23878 | CPRD_product_code | NU-SEALS CARDIO EC tablets 75mg [GENUS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 25335 | CPRD_product_code | POSTMI EC tablets 75mg [ASHBOURNE] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 25718 | CPRD_product_code | ANGETTES tablets 75mg [BRISTOL] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 2607 | CPRD_product_code | PAYNOCIL tablets [BEECHAM] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 2628 | CPRD_product_code | NU-SEALS ASPIRIN EC tablets 75mg [LILLY] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 3 | CPRD_product_code | aspirin dispersible tablet 75mg | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 31211 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [AAH(VANT)] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 31938 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN EC tablets 75mg [SANDOZ] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 31953 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [IVAX] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 31954 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [TEVA] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 31956 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [KENT] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 32036 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [ACTAVIS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 32992 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [GEN (UK)] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 33293 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [STERWIN] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 33320 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [SOVEREIGN] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 33656 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [HILLCROSS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 33676 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [KENT] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 34 | CPRD_product_code | aspirin gastro-resistant tablets 75mg | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 34385 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN soluble tablet 75mg [CO-OPERATI] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 34434 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [T & R] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 34485 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [IVAX] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 34611 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [CP PHARM] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 34796 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [GALEN] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 34797 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [ACTAVIS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 34942 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [NUCARE] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 40381 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN soluble tablet 75mg [CP PHARM] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 40913 | CPRD_product_code | GREPID film coated tablets 75mg [BEACON] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 41512 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [TEVA] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 42750 | CPRD_product_code | CLOPIDOGREL film coated tablets 75mg [ACTAVIS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 43709 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [ALMUS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 45643 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN soluble tablet 75mg [CELLTECH] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 46891 | CPRD_product_code | clopidogrel oral suspension 75mg/5ml | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 47937 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN dispersible tablet 75mg [WOCKHARDT] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 47992 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [HILLCROSS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 48021 | CPRD_product_code | ASPIRIN tablets 75mg [HILLCROSS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 48165 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg tablets (Aspar Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 489 | CPRD_product_code | clopidogrel film coated tablets 75mg | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 48974 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg tablets (Phoenix Healthcare Distribution Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 49060 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 49220 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg tablets (Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 49685 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Sigma Pharmaceuticals Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 49799 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 150mg suppositories (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 50555 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg dispersible tablets (DE Pharmaceuticals) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 50926 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (The Boots Company Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 50949 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 51474 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 150mg suppositories (Martindale Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 51561 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg gastro-resistant tablets (Zanza Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 52044 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg caplets (The Boots Company Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 52280 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg Tablet (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 52618 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Bristol Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 52761 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Dr Reddy's Laboratories (UK) Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 52905 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg tablets (Lloyds Pharmacy Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 53178 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg gastro-resistant tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 53622 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg Tablet (M & A Pharmachem Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 53711 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg Tablet (Nucare Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 53751 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Phoenix Healthcare Distribution Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 53791 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 150mg suppositories (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 53804 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg gastro-resistant tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 53816 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg dispersible tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 54284 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Almus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 54430 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 54526 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 54565 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Lloyds Pharmacy Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 54700 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 54734 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 54997 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Dowelhurst Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 55161 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 56007 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg dispersible tablets (Sigma Pharmaceuticals Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 56503 | CPRD_product_code | Asasantin Retard capsules (Mawdsley-Brooks & Company Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 56736 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 56807 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Teva UK Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 56883 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 56995 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Phoenix Healthcare Distribution Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 56996 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 57036 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Mylan Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 57057 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 58331 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg gastro-resistant tablets (Mylan Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 58347 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (DE Pharmaceuticals) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 58448 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Aspire Pharma Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 59021 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg gastro-resistant tablets (Bristol Laboratories Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 59253 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg gastro-resistant tablets (Waymade Healthcare Plc) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 59728 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg tablets (Alissa Healthcare Research Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 59791 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Aspar Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 59904 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg/5ml oral solution | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 6006 | CPRD_product_code | NU-SEALS ASPIRIN EC tablets 75mg [ALLIANCE] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 60127 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg tablets (DE Pharmaceuticals) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 60278 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg tablets (DE Pharmaceuticals) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 60694 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 25mg/5ml oral solution | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 60777 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg gastro-resistant tablets (DE Pharmaceuticals) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 62334 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg caplets (Wockhardt UK Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 62430 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 300mg suppositories (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 62855 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 62978 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Sandoz Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 63450 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Almus Pharmaceuticals Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 63603 | CPRD_product_code | Laboprin Tablet (Laboratories For Applied Biology Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 64071 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin powder (J M Loveridge Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 65909 | CPRD_product_code | Clopidogrel 75mg tablets (Milpharm Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 66345 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (DE Pharmaceuticals) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 66546 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg dispersible tablets (Numark Management Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 66563 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg gastro-resistant tablets (Phoenix Healthcare Distribution Ltd) | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 66861 | CPRD_product_code | Aspirin 75mg effervescent tablets | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 6696 | CPRD_product_code | MICROPIRIN enteric coated tablets 75mg [DEXCEL] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin | ||
| 836 | CPRD_product_code | PLAVIX film coated tablets 75mg [SANOFI BMS] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Clopidogrel | ||
| 9144 | CPRD_product_code | CAPRIN EC tablets 75mg [WOCKHARDT] | drug | res72: Antiplatelets | Aspirin |
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