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Research article:
Prevalence of maternal mental illness among children and adolescents in the UK between 2005 and 2017: a national retrospective cohort analysis
Reference:
Kathryn M Abel, Holly Hope, Eleanor Swift, Rosa Parisi, Darren M Ashcroft, Kyriaki Kosidou, Cemre Su Osam, Christina Dalman, Matthias Pierce(2019) Prevalence of maternal mental illness among children and adolescents in the UK between 2005 and 2017: a national retrospective cohort analysis. Lancet Public Health, doi: doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30059-3
- Link to article
- Abstract
- Background Little information exists about the prevalence of children exposed to maternal mental illness. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of children and adolescents exposed to maternal mental illness in the UK between 2005 and 2017 using primary care data. Methods In this national retrospective cohort study, we included children aged 0–16 years born between Jan 1, 1991, and Dec 31, 2015, who were linked to their mothers and registered on the primary care Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) between 2005 and 2017. We extracted data on diagnosis, symptoms, and therapy from the CRPD to define the following maternal mental illnesses: depression, anxiety, non-affective psychosis, affective psychosis, eating disorders, personality disorders, alcohol misuse disorder, and substance misuse disorder. We also extracted data on socioeconomic status from the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010 and data on ethnicity from the Hospital Episode Statistics dataset. The main outcome was prevalence of maternal mental illness. Prevalence was calculated for each 2-year period of childhood (from age 0–<2 to 14–<16 years) using marginal predictions from a logistic regression model. We used survival analysis to estimate the incidence and cumulative risk of children experiencing maternal mental illness by age 16 years. Findings We identified 783 710 children registered in the UK CPRD mother-baby link database, and included 547 747 children (381 685 mothers) in our analysis. Overall prevalence of maternal mental illness was 23·2% (95% CI 23·1–23·4), which increased during childhood (21·9%, 21·7–22·1 among the 0–<2 year age group vs 27·3%, 26·8–27·8 among the 14–<16 year age group). Depression and anxiety were the most prevalent maternal mental illnesses. The proportion of children exposed to maternal mental illness increased from 22·2% (21·9–22·4) between 2005 and 2007 to 25·1% (24·8–25·5) between 2015 and 2017. Geographically, the highest prevalence of maternal mental illness was observed in Northern Ireland (29·8%, 29·0–30·5). In England, prevalence of maternal mental illness was highest among children in the most deprived areas (28·3%, 27·8–28·8). The incidence of maternal mental illness was highest between 0–3 months (26·7 per 100 person years, 26·4–27·1). By age 16 years, the cumulative risk of maternal mental illness was 53·1% (52·8–53·3). Interpretation One in four children aged 0–16 years are exposed to maternal mental illness and the prevalence of diagnosed and treated maternal mental illness is increasing. Policy makers and commissioners should consider this information and channel resources to target individuals in greatest need. Funding The European Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research.
- Author for correspondence
- Holly Hope
- Email for correspondence
- holly.hope@manchester.ac.uk
Code list: res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders
162 codes in list
| Code | Coding system | Description | Entity type | List name | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1464.00 | Read | H/O: schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 146H.00 | Read | H/O: psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 1B1E.00 | Read | Hallucinations | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 1BH..00 | Read | Delusions | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 1BH0.00 | Read | Delusion of persecution | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 1BH1.00 | Read | Grandiose delusions | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 1BH..11 | Read | Delusion | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 1BH2.00 | Read | Ideas of reference | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 1BH3.00 | Read | Paranoid ideation | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 212W.00 | Read | Schizophrenia resolved | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 212X.00 | Read | Psychosis resolved | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 225E.00 | Read | O/E - paranoid delusions | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 225F.00 | Read | O/E - delusion of persecution | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 285..11 | Read | Psychotic condition, insight present | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 286..11 | Read | Poor insight into psychotic condition | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| 8HHs.00 | Read | Referral to psychosis early intervention service | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E1...00 | Read | Non-organic psychoses | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E10..00 | Read | Schizophrenic disorders | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100.00 | Read | Simple schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100000 | Read | Unspecified schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100100 | Read | Subchronic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100.11 | Read | Schizophrenia simplex | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100200 | Read | Chronic schizophrenic | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100300 | Read | Acute exacerbation of subchronic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100400 | Read | Acute exacerbation of chronic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100500 | Read | Schizophrenia in remission | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E100z00 | Read | Simple schizophrenia NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E101.00 | Read | Hebephrenic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E101000 | Read | Unspecified hebephrenic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E101400 | Read | Acute exacerbation of chronic hebephrenic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E101500 | Read | Hebephrenic schizophrenia in remission | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E101z00 | Read | Hebephrenic schizophrenia NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E102.00 | Read | Catatonic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E102000 | Read | Unspecified catatonic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E102100 | Read | Subchronic catatonic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E102400 | Read | Acute exacerbation of chronic catatonic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E102500 | Read | Catatonic schizophrenia in remission | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E102z00 | Read | Catatonic schizophrenia NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E103.00 | Read | Paranoid schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E103000 | Read | Unspecified paranoid schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E103100 | Read | Subchronic paranoid schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E103200 | Read | Chronic paranoid schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E103300 | Read | Acute exacerbation of subchronic paranoid schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E103400 | Read | Acute exacerbation of chronic paranoid schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E103500 | Read | Paranoid schizophrenia in remission | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E103z00 | Read | Paranoid schizophrenia NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E104.00 | Read | Acute schizophrenic episode | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E104.11 | Read | Oneirophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E105.00 | Read | Latent schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E105000 | Read | Unspecified latent schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E105200 | Read | Chronic latent schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E105500 | Read | Latent schizophrenia in remission | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E105z00 | Read | Latent schizophrenia NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E106.00 | Read | Residual schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E10y.00 | Read | Other schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E10y000 | Read | Atypical schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E10y100 | Read | Coenesthopathic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E10y.11 | Read | Cenesthopathic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E10yz00 | Read | Other schizophrenia NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E10z.00 | Read | Schizophrenia NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E12..00 | Read | Paranoid states | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E120.00 | Read | Simple paranoid state | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E121.00 | Read | Chronic paranoid psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E122.00 | Read | Paraphrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E123.00 | Read | Shared paranoid disorder | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E123.11 | Read | Folie a deux | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E12y.00 | Read | Other paranoid states | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E12y000 | Read | Paranoia querulans | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E12yz00 | Read | Other paranoid states NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E12z.00 | Read | Paranoid psychosis NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E13..00 | Read | Other nonorganic psychoses | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E130.11 | Read | Psychotic reactive depression | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E13..11 | Read | Reactive psychoses | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E132.00 | Read | Reactive confusion | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E133.00 | Read | Acute paranoid reaction | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E133.11 | Read | Bouffee delirante | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E134.00 | Read | Psychogenic paranoid psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E13y.00 | Read | Other reactive psychoses | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E13y100 | Read | Brief reactive psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E13yz00 | Read | Other reactive psychoses NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E13z.00 | Read | Nonorganic psychosis NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E13z.11 | Read | Psychotic episode NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E1y..00 | Read | Other specified non-organic psychoses | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| E1z..00 | Read | Non-organic psychosis NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu0z.12 | Read | [X]Symptomatic psychosis NOS | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu2..00 | Read | [X]Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20.00 | Read | [X]Schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20000 | Read | [X]Paranoid schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20011 | Read | [X]Paraphrenic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20100 | Read | [X]Hebephrenic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20111 | Read | [X]Disorganised schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20200 | Read | [X]Catatonic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20211 | Read | [X]Catatonic stupor | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20212 | Read | [X]Schizophrenic catalepsy | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20213 | Read | [X]Schizophrenic catatonia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20214 | Read | [X]Schizophrenic flexibilatis cerea | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20300 | Read | [X]Undifferentiated schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20311 | Read | [X]Atypical schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20500 | Read | [X]Residual schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20511 | Read | [X]Chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20600 | Read | [X]Simple schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20y00 | Read | [X]Other schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20y12 | Read | [X]Schizophreniform disord NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20y13 | Read | [X]Schizophrenifrm psychos NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu20z00 | Read | [X]Schizophrenia, unspecified | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu21.00 | Read | [X]Schizotypal disorder | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu21.11 | Read | [X]Latent schizophrenic reaction | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu21.12 | Read | [X]Borderline schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu21.13 | Read | [X]Latent schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu21.14 | Read | [X]Prepsychotic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu21.15 | Read | [X]Prodromal schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu21.16 | Read | [X]Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu21.17 | Read | [X]Pseudopsychopathic schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22.00 | Read | [X]Persistent delusional disorders | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22000 | Read | [X]Delusional disorder | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22011 | Read | [X]Paranoid psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22012 | Read | [X]Paranoid state | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22013 | Read | [X]Paraphrenia - late | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22014 | Read | [X]Sensitiver Beziehungswahn | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22015 | Read | [X]Paranoia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22100 | Read | [X]Delusional misidentification syndrome | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22111 | Read | [X]Capgras syndrome | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22200 | Read | [X]Cotard syndrome | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22300 | Read | [X]Paranoid state in remission | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22y00 | Read | [X]Other persistent delusional disorders | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22y11 | Read | [X]Delusional dysmorphophobia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22y12 | Read | [X]Involutional paranoid state | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22y13 | Read | [X]Paranoia querulans | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu22z00 | Read | [X]Persistent delusional disorder, unspecified | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23.00 | Read | [X]Acute and transient psychotic disorders | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23000 | Read | [X]Acute polymorphic psychot disord without symp of schizoph | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23011 | Read | [X]Bouffee delirante | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23012 | Read | [X]Cycloid psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23100 | Read | [X]Acute polymorphic psychot disord with symp of schizophren | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23112 | Read | [X]Cycloid psychosis with symptoms of schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23200 | Read | [X]Acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23211 | Read | [X]Brief schizophreniform disorder | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23212 | Read | [X]Brief schizophrenifrm psych | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23214 | Read | [X]Schizophrenic reaction | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23300 | Read | [X]Other acute predominantly delusional psychotic disorders | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23312 | Read | [X]Psychogenic paranoid psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23y00 | Read | [X]Other acute and transient psychotic disorders | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23z00 | Read | [X]Acute and transient psychotic disorder, unspecified | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23z11 | Read | [X]Brief reactive psychosis NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu23z12 | Read | [X]Reactive psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu24.00 | Read | [X]Induced delusional disorder | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu24.11 | Read | [X]Folie a deux | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu24.12 | Read | [X]Induced paranoid disorder | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu24.13 | Read | [X]Induced psychotic disorder | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu25012 | Read | [X]Schizophreniform psychosis, manic type | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu25112 | Read | [X]Schizophreniform psychosis, depressive type | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu26.00 | Read | [X]Nonorganic psychosis in remission | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu2y.00 | Read | [X]Other nonorganic psychotic disorders | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu2y.11 | Read | [X]Chronic hallucinatory psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu2z.00 | Read | [X]Unspecified nonorganic psychosis | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| Eu2z.11 | Read | [X]Psychosis NOS | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| F481K00 | Read | Visual hallucinations | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| R001.00 | Read | [D]Hallucinations | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| R001000 | Read | [D]Hallucinations, auditory | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| R001400 | Read | [D]Visual hallucinations | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| R001z00 | Read | [D]Hallucinations NOS | symptom | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders | |||
| ZV11000 | Read | [V]Personal history of schizophrenia | diagnostic | res76: Non-affective psychotic disorders |
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