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Research article:

Glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels and their relationships to clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study

Reference:

Evangelos Kontopantelis, David A Springate, David Reeves, Darren M Ashcroft, Martin Rutter, Iain Buchan, Tim Doran(2015) Glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels and their relationships to clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetologia, doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3473-8

Link to fulltext article
Abstract
Background: Observational data have been used to inform target levels for modifiable risk factors in type 2 diabetes but these data are limited by confounding. We aimed to describe the shape of observed relationships between risk factor levels and clinically important outcomes in type 2 diabetes after adjusting for multiple confounders. Methods: We used retrospective longitudinal data on 246,544 adults with type 2 diabetes from 600 practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 2006 and 2012. Proportional hazards regression models quantified the risks of mortality, microvascular or macrovascular events associated with four modifiable risk factors: glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic and diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol, while controlling for numerous patient and practice covariates. Findings: U-shaped relationships were observed between all-cause mortality and levels of the four risk factors. The lowest risks were associated with HbA1c 7.25-7.75%; total cholesterol 3.5-4.5 mmol/L; systolic blood pressure 135-145 mmHg; and diastolic blood pressure 82.5-87.5 mmHg. coronary and stroke mortality related to the four risk factors in a positive, curvilinear way, with the exception of blood pressure which related to coronary deaths in a U-shape. Macrovascular events showed a positive and curvilinear relationship with HbA1c but U-shaped for total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure. Microvascular related to the four risk factors in a curvilinear way: positive for HbA1c and systolic blood pressure but negative for cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure. Interpretation: We identified several relationships which, when considered in the light of relevant trial data, support a call for major changes to clinical practice. Most importantly, our results support trial data indicating that normalisation of glucose and blood pressure can lead to poorer outcomes, which makes a strong case for target ranges for these risk factors rather than target levels.
Author for correspondence
Evangelos Kontopantelis
Email for correspondence
E.Kontopantelis@manchester.ac.uk

Code list: hypertension

234 codes in list

Code Coding system Description Entity type List name resolve_code
2126100 Read Hypertension resolved diagnostic hypertension 1
2126100 Read Hypertension resolved diagnostic hypertension -1 Resolve
212K.00 Read Hypertension resolved diagnostic hypertension -1 Resolve
212K.00 Read Hypertension resolved diagnostic hypertension 1
662..12 Read Hypertension monitoring diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
6627 Read Good hypertension control diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
6628 Read Poor hypertension control diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
6629 Read Hypertension:follow-up default diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
662b.00 Read Moderate hypertension control diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
662c.00 Read Hypertension six month review diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
662d.00 Read Hypertension annual review diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
662F.00 Read Hypertension treatm. started diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
662G.00 Read Hypertensive treatm.changed diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
662O.00 Read On treatment for hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
662P.00 Read Hypertension monitoring diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
8B26.00 Read Antihypertensive therapy diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
8BL0.00 Read Patient on maximal tolerated antihypertensive therapy diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
8CR4.00 Read Hypertension clinical management plan diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
8HT5.00 Read Referral to hypertension clinic diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
9N03.00 Read Seen in hypertension clinic diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
9N1y200 Read Seen in hypertension clinic diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
9OI1.00 Read Attends hypertension monitor. diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
9OIA.00 Read Hypertension monitor.chck done diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
9OIA.11 Read Hypertension monitored diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
F404200 Read Blind hypertensive eye diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
F421300 Read Hypertensive retinopathy diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
G2...00 Read Hypertensive disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G2...00 Read Hypertensive disease diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G20..00 Read Essential hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G20..00 Read Essential hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G200.00 Read Malignant essential hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G200.00 Read Malignant essential hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G201.00 Read Benign essential hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G201.00 Read Benign essential hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G20..11 Read High blood pressure diagnostic hypertension 1 Sensitivity
G202.00 Read Systolic hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G202.00 Read Systolic hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G20z.00 Read Essential hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G20z.00 Read Essential hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G20z.11 Read Hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G20z.11 Read Hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G21..00 Read Hypertensive heart disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G21..00 Read Hypertensive heart disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G210.00 Read Malignant hypertensive heart disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G210.00 Read Malignant hypertensive heart disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G210000 Read Malignant hypertensive heart disease without CCF diagnostic hypertension 0
G210000 Read Malignant hypertensive heart disease without CCF diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G210100 Read Malignant hypertensive heart disease with CCF diagnostic hypertension 0
G210100 Read Malignant hypertensive heart disease with CCF diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G210z00 Read Malignant hypertensive heart disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G210z00 Read Malignant hypertensive heart disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G2...11 Read BP - hypertensive disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G2...11 Read BP - hypertensive disease diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G211.00 Read Benign hypertensive heart disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G211.00 Read Benign hypertensive heart disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G211000 Read Benign hypertensive heart disease without CCF diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G211000 Read Benign hypertensive heart disease without CCF diagnostic hypertension 0
G211100 Read Benign hypertensive heart disease with CCF diagnostic hypertension 0
G211100 Read Benign hypertensive heart disease with CCF diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G211z00 Read Benign hypertensive heart disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G21z.00 Read Hypertensive heart disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G21z.00 Read Hypertensive heart disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G21z000 Read Hypertensive heart disease NOS without CCF diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G21z000 Read Hypertensive heart disease NOS without CCF diagnostic hypertension 0
G21z011 Read Cardiomegaly - hypertensive diagnostic hypertension 0
G21z011 Read Cardiomegaly - hypertensive diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G21z100 Read Hypertensive heart disease NOS with CCF diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G21z100 Read Hypertensive heart disease NOS with CCF diagnostic hypertension 0
G21zz00 Read Hypertensive heart disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G21zz00 Read Hypertensive heart disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G22..00 Read Hypertensive renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G22..00 Read Hypertensive renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G220.00 Read Malignant hypertensive renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G220.00 Read Malignant hypertensive renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G221.00 Read Benign hypertensive renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G221.00 Read Benign hypertensive renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G222.00 Read Hypertensive renal disease with renal failure diagnostic hypertension 0
G222.00 Read Hypertensive renal disease with renal failure diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G22z.00 Read Hypertensive renal disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G22z.00 Read Hypertensive renal disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G22z.11 Read Renal hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G22z.11 Read Renal hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G23..00 Read Hypertensive heart and renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G23..00 Read Hypertensive heart and renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G230.00 Read Malignant hypertensive heart and renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G230.00 Read Malignant hypertensive heart and renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G231.00 Read Benign hypertensive heart and renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G231.00 Read Benign hypertensive heart and renal disease diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G232.00 Read Hypertensive heart&renal dis wth (congestive) heart failure diagnostic hypertension 0
G232.00 Read Hypertensive heart&renal dis wth (congestive) heart failure diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G233.00 Read Hypertensive heart and renal disease with renal failure diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G233.00 Read Hypertensive heart and renal disease with renal failure diagnostic hypertension 0
G234.00 Read Hyperten heart&renal dis+both(congestv)heart and renal fail diagnostic hypertension 0
G234.00 Read Hyperten heart&renal dis+both(congestv)heart and renal fail diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G23z.00 Read Hypertensive heart and renal disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
G23z.00 Read Hypertensive heart and renal disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G24..00 Read Secondary hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G24..00 Read Secondary hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G240.00 Read Secondary malignant hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G240.00 Read Secondary malignant hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G240000 Read Secondary malignant renovascular hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G240000 Read Secondary malignant renovascular hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G240z00 Read Secondary malignant hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G240z00 Read Secondary malignant hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G241.00 Read Secondary benign hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G241.00 Read Secondary benign hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G241000 Read Secondary benign renovascular hypertension diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G241000 Read Secondary benign renovascular hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
G241z00 Read Secondary benign hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G241z00 Read Secondary benign hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G244.00 Read Hypertension secondary to endocrine disorders diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G244.00 Read Hypertension secondary to endocrine disorders diagnostic hypertension 0
G24z.00 Read Secondary hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G24z.00 Read Secondary hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G24z000 Read Secondary renovascular hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G24z000 Read Secondary renovascular hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G24zz00 Read Secondary hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G24zz00 Read Secondary hypertension NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G2y..00 Read Other specified hypertensive disease diagnostic hypertension 0
G2y..00 Read Other specified hypertensive disease diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G2z..00 Read Hypertensive disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
G2z..00 Read Hypertensive disease NOS diagnostic hypertension 1 Main
G672.00 Read Hypertensive encephalopathy diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
G672.11 Read Hypertensive crisis diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
Gyu2000 Read [X]Other secondary hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
Gyu2000 Read [X]Other secondary hypertension diagnostic hypertension 0
Gyu2100 Read [X]Hypertension secondary to other renal disorders diagnostic hypertension 0
Gyu2100 Read [X]Hypertension secondary to other renal disorders diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L120.00 Read Benign essential hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerp diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L120.00 Read Benign essential hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerp diagnostic hypertension 0
L120000 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp unspec diagnostic hypertension 0
L120000 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp unspec diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L120100 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp - deliv diagnostic hypertension 0
L120100 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp - deliv diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L120300 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp-not deliv diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L120300 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp-not deliv diagnostic hypertension 0
L120400 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp +p/n comp diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L120400 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp +p/n comp diagnostic hypertension 0
L120z00 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L120z00 Read Benign essential hypertension in preg/childb/puerp NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
L121.00 Read Renal hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerperium diagnostic hypertension 0
L121.00 Read Renal hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerperium diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L121000 Read Renal hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerp unspecified diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L121000 Read Renal hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerp unspecified diagnostic hypertension 0
L121100 Read Renal hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerp - delivered diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L121100 Read Renal hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerp - delivered diagnostic hypertension 0
L121200 Read Renal hypertension in preg/childb/puerp -deliv with p/n comp diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L121300 Read Renal hypertension in preg/childbirth/puerp - not delivered diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L121300 Read Renal hypertension in preg/childbirth/puerp - not delivered diagnostic hypertension 0
L121400 Read Renal hypertension in preg/childb/puerp + p/n complication diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L121z00 Read Renal hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerperium NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
L121z00 Read Renal hypertension in pregnancy/childbirth/puerperium NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L122.00 Read Other pre-existing hypertension in preg/childbirth/puerp diagnostic hypertension 0
L122.00 Read Other pre-existing hypertension in preg/childbirth/puerp diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L122000 Read Other pre-existing hypertension in preg/childb/puerp unspec diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L122000 Read Other pre-existing hypertension in preg/childb/puerp unspec diagnostic hypertension 0
L122100 Read Other pre-existing hypertension in preg/childb/puerp - deliv diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L122100 Read Other pre-existing hypertension in preg/childb/puerp - deliv diagnostic hypertension 0
L122300 Read Other pre-exist hypertension in preg/childb/puerp-not deliv diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L122300 Read Other pre-exist hypertension in preg/childb/puerp-not deliv diagnostic hypertension 0
L122400 Read Other pre-exist hypertension in preg/childb/puerp + p/n comp diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L122z00 Read Other pre-existing hypertension in preg/childb/puerp NOS diagnostic hypertension 0
L122z00 Read Other pre-existing hypertension in preg/childb/puerp NOS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L128.00 Read Pre-exist hypertension compl preg childbirth and puerperium diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
L128.00 Read Pre-exist hypertension compl preg childbirth and puerperium diagnostic hypertension 0
L128200 Read Pre-exist 2ndry hypertens comp preg childbth and puerperium diagnostic hypertension 0
L128200 Read Pre-exist 2ndry hypertens comp preg childbth and puerperium diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
3053HT OXMIS NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION (SECONDARY) diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4000 OXMIS MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4003 OXMIS HYPERTENSIVE NEPHROPATHY diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4003AA OXMIS HYPERTENSIVE RENAL DISEASE diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 OXMIS BENIGN HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 A OXMIS HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 AC OXMIS HYPERTENSION ACCELERATED diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 AR OXMIS HYPERTENSION ARTERIOSCLEROTIC diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 AT OXMIS HYPERTENSION ATHEROSCLEROTIC diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 B OXMIS RETINOPATHY HYPERTENSIVE diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
401 BE OXMIS RETINOPATHY HYPERTENSIVE EXUDATES diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
401 BH OXMIS RETINOPATHY HYPERTENSIVE HAEMORRHAGE diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
401 BM OXMIS HYPERTENSION ON TREATMENT diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 BN OXMIS HYPERTENSION BENIGN diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 BP OXMIS RETINOPATHY HYPERTENSIVE PAPILLOEDEMA diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
401 BR OXMIS HYPERTENSION RESOLVED diagnostic hypertension 0 Resolve
401 C OXMIS HYPERTENSION ESSENTIAL diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 DC OXMIS HYPERTENSION DIASTOLIC diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 E OXMIS HYPERTENSION ARTERIAL diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 EL OXMIS HYPERTENSION ARTERIAL SYSTEMIC diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 LB OXMIS HYPERTENSION LABILE INTERMITTENT diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 NC OXMIS HYPERTENSION NECROTIZING STAGES diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 P OXMIS HYPERTENSION ARTERIAL PRIMARY diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 PA OXMIS HYPERTENSION PRIMARY diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 R OXMIS HYPERTENSION CRISIS diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
401 S OXMIS HYPERTENSION SYSTOLIC diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
401 T OXMIS THROMBOSIS HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
402 OXMIS HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
402 C OXMIS HYPERTENSION CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
402 MF OXMIS MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
402 VH OXMIS VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY HYPERTENSIVE diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
403 OXMIS RENAL HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
403 AA OXMIS RENAL HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
403 AH OXMIS RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
403 M OXMIS NEPHROPATHY MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
403 NC OXMIS HYPERTENSION IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
403 NF OXMIS HYPERTENSION RENAL INSUFFICIENCY diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
403 NG OXMIS HYPERTENSIVE GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
403 NH OXMIS NEPHROSCLEROSIS HYPERTENSIVE diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
4100N OXMIS MYOCARDIAL INFARCT WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4100NA OXMIS MYOCARDIAL INFARCT ACUTE WITH HYPERTENSI diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4100T OXMIS THROMBOSIS CORONARY WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4120 OXMIS INSUFFICIENCY CORONARY HYPERTENSIVE diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4120A OXMIS ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE HYPERTENSIVE diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4120BD OXMIS SYNDROME DRESSLER'S WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4120CA OXMIS CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE WITH HYPERTENSIO diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4120M OXMIS MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4130 OXMIS ANGINA PECTORIS WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4130E OXMIS ANGINA EFFORT WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4140 OXMIS ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERTENSIVE ISCHAEMIC HEAR diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4300 OXMIS SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE WITH HYPERTENSI diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4310 OXMIS HAEMORRHAGE INTRACEREBRAL WITH HYPERTENS diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4330 OXMIS CEREBRAL THROMBOSIS WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4340 OXMIS EMBOLISM CEREBRAL WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4340CR OXMIS EMBOLISM INTRACRANIAL WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4360A OXMIS CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT WITH HYPERTENSI diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4360B OXMIS STROKE WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4360D OXMIS HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4370 OXMIS CEREBRAL ISCHAEMIA HYPERTENSIVE diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4380 OXMIS CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE WITH HYPERTENSIO diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4380HP OXMIS HEMIPLEGIA WITH HYPERTENSION diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
4419H OXMIS HYPERTENSION ANEURYSM AORTA diagnostic hypertension 0 Main
791 HP OXMIS HYPERTENSIVE HEADACHE diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
L0010AM OXMIS SEEN IN HYPERTENSION CLINIC diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
L0010EM OXMIS REFERRED TO HYPERTENSION CLINIC diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
Y0601JA OXMIS HYPERTENSION CLINIC ATTENDANCE diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity
Y060 JA OXMIS HYPERTENSION CLINIC diagnostic hypertension 0 Sensitivity

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