ClinicalCodes.org

An online clinical codes repository to improve validity and reproducibility of medical database research

All publications with clinical code lists:

Type Title Journal Year Authors
QOF Business Rules QOF Business Rules v24 NA 2012 NA
Research article Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Quantifying Relationships in Ethnic Subgroups Diabetes Care 2017 Alison K. Wright, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Richard Emsley, Iain Buchan, Naveed Sattar, Martin K. Rutter, Darren M. Ashcroft
Research article Antibiotic prescribing for common infections in UK general practice: variability and drivers Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2018 Victoria Palin, Anna Mölter, Miguel Belmonte, Darren Ashcroft, Andrew White, William Welfare, Tjeerd van Staa
Research article Clinical code usage in UK general practice: a cohort study exploring 18 conditions over 14 years 2021 Salwa S Zghebi, David Reeves, Christos Grigoroglou, Brian McMillan, Darren M Ashcroft, Rosa Parisi, Evangelos Kontopantelis
Research article Oral anticoagulant prescribing among patients with cancer and non-valvular atrial fibrillation in England, 2009–2019 2023 Alyaa M. Ajabnoor; Rosa Parisi; Salwa S. Zghebi; Darren M. Ashcroft; Corinne Faivre-Finn; Charlotte Morris; Mamas A. Mamas; Evangelos Kontopantelis.
Research article Are symptoms of insomnia in primary care associated with subsequent onset of dementia? A matched retrospective case-control study 2019 Richard Hoile, Naji Tabet, Helen Smith, Stephen Bremner, Jackie Cassell, Elizabeth Ford
QOF Business Rules QOF Business Rules v5 NA 2004 Pete Horsfield
Research article Short- and long-term risk of premature death in a nationally representative cohort of primary care patients with history of self-harm BMJ 2016 Matthew J. Carr, Darren M. Ashcroft, Evangelos Kontopantelis, David While, Yvonne Awenat, Jayne Cooper, Carolyn Chew-Graham, Nav Kapur, Roger T. Webb
Research article Incidence of non-valvular atrial fibrillation and oral anti-coagulant prescribing in England, 2009 to 2019: cohort study 2022 Alyaa Ajabnoor, Salwa Zghebi, Rosa Parisi, Darren Ashcroft, Martin Rutter, Tim Doran, Matthew Carr, Mamas Mamas, Evangelos Kontopantelis
Research article Referral to the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme and conversion from non-diabetic hyperglycaemia to type-2 diabetes mellitus in England: a matched cohort analysis 2022 Rathi Ravindrarajah, Matt Sutton,David Reeves,Sarah Cotterill,Emma Mcmanus, Rachel Meacock,William Whittaker,Caludia Soiland-Reyes, Peter Bower, Evangelos Kontopantelis
Research article Withdrawing Performance Indicators: Retrospective Analysis of General Practice Performance Under the UKs Quality and Outcomes Framework British Medical Journal 2014 Kontopantelis, Evangelos; Springate, David; Reeves, David; Ashcroft, Darren; Valderas, Jose M; Doran, Tim
Research article Effect of financial incentives on incentivised and non-incentivised clinical activities: longitudinal analysis of data from the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework British Medical Journal 2011 Doran, Tim; Kontopantelis, Evangelos; Valderas, Jose M; Campbell, Stephen; Roland, Martin; Salisbury, Chris; Reeves, David
Research article Can analyses of electronic patient records be independently and externally validated? The effect of statins on the mortality of patients with Ischaemic heart disease: a cohort study with nested case-control analysis BMJ Open 2014 David Reeves, David Springate, Darren M Ashcroft, Ronan Ryan, Tim Doran, Richard Morris, Ivan Olier, Evangelos Kontopantelis
Research article Prevalence of maternal mental illness among children and adolescents in the UK between 2005 and 2017: a national retrospective cohort analysis Lancet Public Health 2019 Kathryn M Abel, Holly Hope, Eleanor Swift, Rosa Parisi, Darren M Ashcroft, Kyriaki Kosidou, Cemre Su Osam, Christina Dalman, Matthias Pierce
Research article Prevalence of carotid web in patients with acute ischemic stroke and TIA european journal of neurology 2020 Hui Hu, Xiaoxing Zhang, Yan Wan, Hao Huang, Xiuhong Shan, Yuwu Zhao, Yuehua Li
Research article Recorded quality of primary care for patients with diabetes in England before and after the introduction of a financial incentive scheme: a longitudinal observational study BMJ Quality and Safety 2012 Evangelos Kontopantelis; David Reeves; Jose M Valderas; Stephen Campbell; Tim Doran
Research article Coding, Recording and Incidence of Different Forms of Coronary Heart Disease in Primary Care PLoS ONE 2012 Nawaraj Bhattarai, Judith Charlton, Caroline Rudisill, Martin C. Gulliford
Research article Glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels and their relationships to clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study Diabetologia 2015 Evangelos Kontopantelis, David A Springate, David Reeves, Darren M Ashcroft, Martin Rutter, Iain Buchan, Tim Doran
Research article Psoriasis and the risk of myocardial infarction: cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Submitted 2014 Rosa Parisi; Martin K Rutter; Mark Lunt; Helen S Young; Deborah PM Symmons; Christopher EM Griffiths; Darren M Ashcroft
Research article Optimising Use of Electronic Health Records to Describe the Presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Primary Care: A Strategy for Developing Code Lists PLoS ONE 2013 Amanda Nicholson, Elizabeth Ford, Kevin A. Davies, Helen E. Smith, Greta Rait, A. Rosemary Tate, Irene Petersen, Jackie Cassell
Research article Bisphosphonates and Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer — A Case Control Study Using the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) PLoS ONE 2012 Ellen Wright, Peter T. Schofield, Paul Seed, Mariam Molokhia
Research article Computing Care Quality Improvement Tactics from Health Records: Closing the Gap Between Audit and Action AMIA Symposium 2014 Benjamin Brown, Richard Williams, Matthew Sperrin, Timothy Frank, John Ainsworth, Iain Buchan
Research article Smoking-related mortality in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis – a retrospective cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Arthritis Care and Research 2016 Rebecca M Joseph, Mohammad Movahedi, William G Dixon, Deborah PM Symmons
Research article The association between prescription opioid use and bone fracture: A self-controlled case series study [conference abstract] Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2019 Emily Peach; Fiona Pearce; Janice Fuller; Andrew Cooper; Li‐Chia Chen; Roger Knaggs
Research article The UK National Health Service: Delivering Equitable Treatment Across the Spectrum of Coronary Disease Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2013 Nathaniel M. Hawkins, Shaun Scholes, Madhavi Bajekal, Hande Love, Martin O’Flaherty, Rosalind Raine, Simon Capewell
None Adherence to guidelines for creatinine and potassium monitoring and discontinuation following renin-angiotensin system blockade 2016
Research article Antibacterial Drugs and the Risk of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Children Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine 2011 Verena Schneider-Lindner, Caroline Quach, James A. Hanley, Samy Suissa
Research article The effects of hypoglycaemia and dementia on cardiovascular events, falls and fractures and all-cause mortality in older individuals: A retrospective cohort study Diabetes Obesity Metabolism 2019 Mattishent K, Richardson K, Dhatariya K, Savva GM, Fox C, Loke YK
Research article First Diagnosis and Management of Incontinence in Older People with and without Dementia in Primary Care: A Cohort Study Using The Health Improvement Network Primary Care Database PLoS Medicine 2013 Robert L. Grant, Vari M. Drennan, Greta Rait, Irene Petersen, Steve Iliffe
Research article Exposure to sodium channel-inhibiting drugs and cancer survival: protocol for a cohort study using the QResearch primary care database BMJ Open 2014 Caroline Fairhurst, Ian Watt, Fabiola Martin, Martin Bland, and William J. Brackenbury
Research article Impact of statin-related media coverage on the use of statins: an interrupted time series analysis using UK primary care data The BMJ 2016 Anthony Matthews, Emily Herrett, Antonio Gasparrini, Tjeerd Van Staa, Ben Goldacre, Liam Smeeth, Krishnan Bhaskaran
Research article The association between smoking and hospitalisations for cardiovascular events and respiratory infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink In preparation 2017 Rebecca M Joseph, Mohammad Movahedi, William G Dixon, Deborah PM Symmons
Research article Drug therapy for alcohol dependence in primary care in the UK: A Clinical Practice Research Datalink study PLoS ONE 2017 Andrew Thompson, Darren M. Ashcroft, Lynn Owens, Tjeerd P. van Staa, Munir Pirmohamed
Research article Prevalence of maternal mental illness among children and adolescents in the UK between 2005 and 2017: a national retrospective cohort analysis Lancet Public Health 2019 Kathryn M Abel, Holly Hope, Eleanor Swift, Rosa Parisi, Darren M Ashcroft, Kyriaki Kosidou, Cemre Su Osam, Christina Dalman, Matthias Pierce
Research article Impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on incidence of tics in children and young people: a population-based cohort study in preparation 2022 Ruth H Jack, Rebecca M Joseph, Carol Coupland, Charlotte L Hall, Chris Hollis
Research article Trends in antibiotic prescribing in primary care for clinical syndromes subject to national recommendations to reduce antibiotic resistance, UK 1995-2011: analysis of a large database of primary care consultations Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2014 Jeremy I. Hawker; Sue Smith; Gillian E. Smith; Roger Morbey; Alan P. Johnson; Douglas M. Fleming; Laura Shallcross; Andrew C. Hayward
Research article Suicide risk in primary care patients diagnosed with personality disorder: a nested case control study BMC Family Practice 2015 Michael Doyle; David While; Pearl L.H. Mok; Kirsten Windfuhr; Darren M. Ashcroft; Evangelos Kontopantelis; Carolyn Chew-Graham; Louis Appleby; Jenny Shaw; Roger T. Webb
Research article Primary care consultation rates among people with and without severe mental illness: a UK cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink 2015
Research article Breast and cervical cancer screening utilization, and recording bias, in women with type 2 diabetes (UK) Diabetologia 2015 Matthew Carr, Evan Kontopantelis, Tim Doran, Christine Campbell, Lorraine Lipscombe, Emma Crosbie, Anthony Howell, Iain E Buchan, Andrew G Renehan
Research article Cohort profile for the MASTERMIND study: Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) to investigate stratification of response to treatment in patients with Type 2 diabetes BMJ Open 2017 Lauren R Rodgers, Michael N Weedon, William E Henley, Andrew T Hattersley, Beverley M Shields
Research article Family history codes in Primary care 2015
None Alcohol-related mortality in patients with psoriasis: a population-based cohort study JAMA dermatology 2017 Parisi R; Webb RT; Carr MJ; Moriarty KJ; C Kleyn E; Griffiths CEM; Ashcroft DM
Research article RSV maternal vaccines N/A 2018 N/A
Research article Incidence, clinical management, and mortality risk following self-harm among children and adolescents: cohort study in primary care The BMJ 2017 C Morgan, RT Webb, MJ Carr, E Kontopantelis, J Green, CA Chew-Graham, N Kapur, DM Ashcroft
Research article Inequalities in physical co-morbidity: A longitudinal comparative observational study of people with severe mental illness in the UK 2015 Siobhan Reilly, Ivan Olier, Claire Planner, Tim Doran, David Reeves, Darren Ashcroft, Linda Gask, Evangelos Kontopantelis
Research article Sodium channel-inhibiting drugs and cancer survival: protocol for a cohort study using the CPRD primary care database BMJ Open 2016 Caroline Fairhurst, Fabiola Martin, Ian Watt, Tim Doran, Martin Bland, William J. Brackenbury
Research article Adaptation and validation of the Charlson Index for Read/OXMIS coded databases BMC Family Practice 2010 Nada F Khan, Rafael Perera, Stephen Harper, Peter W Rose
Research article Can analyses of electronic patient records be independently and externally validated? Study 2: the Effect of Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocker Therapy on Cancer Survival; a Retrospective Cohort Study BMJ Open 2015 David a Springate, Darren M Ashcroft, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Tim Doran, Ronan Ryan, David Reeves
Research article Self-harm in a primary care cohort of older people: incidence, clinical management, and risk of suicide and other causes of death The Lancet Psychiatry (In Press) 2018 Catharine Morgan, Roger T Webb, Matthew J Carr, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Carolyn A Chew-Graham, Nav Kapur, Darren M Ashcroft
Report NIHR CLAHRC Evaluation of Sick Day Rules project 2016
Research article Renin-angiotensin system blockade and risk of acute kidney injury: a population-based cohort study Submitted 2015 Kathryn E Mansfield, Dorothea Nitsch, Liam Smeeth, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Laurie A Tomlinson
Research article Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the United Kingdom: Regional and socioeconomic variations in incidence rates amongst children and adolescents (2004-2013) Journal of Attention Disorders 2015 Hire AJ, Ashcroft DM, Springate DA, Steinke DT
Research article Antipsychotic prescribing to patients diagnosed with dementia without a diagnosis of psychosis in the context of national guidance and drug safety warnings: longitudinal study in UK general practice Drug Safety 2017 S Jill Stocks, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Roger T Webb, Anthony J Avery, Alistair Burns, Darren M Ashcroft
Research article Examining variations in prescribing safety in UK general practice: a cross-sectional study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink BMJ 2015 S Jill Stocks, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Artur Akbarov, Sarah Rodger, Anthony J Avery, Darren M Ashcroft
Research article NHS Health Check outcomes 2018
Research article The epidemiology of self-harm in a UK-wide primary care patient cohort, 2001-2013 BMC Psychiatry 2015 Matthew J. Carr, Darren M. Ashcroft, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Yvonne Awenat, Jayne Cooper, Carolyn Chew-Graham, Nav Kapur, Roger T. Webb
Research article Quantification of risk factors for herpes zoster: population based case-control study BMJ 2014 Harriet J Forbes, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Sara L Thomas, Tim Clayton, Sinéad M Langan
Research article An algorithm to identify rheumatoid arthritis in primary care: a Clinical Practice Research Datalink study BMJ Open 2015 Sara Muller, Samantha L Hider, Karim Raza, Rebecca J Stack, Richard A Hayward, Christian D Mallen
Research article 1900
Report Obesity related cancer codes TBC 2017 Hannah Lennon, Ellena Badrick, Nasra Alam, Andrew Renehan
Research article Clinical management following self-harm in a UK-wide primary care cohort Journal of Affective Disorders 2016 Matthew J Carr, Darren M Ashcroft, Evan Kontopantelis, David While, Yvonne Awenat, Jayne Cooper, Carolyn Chew-Graham, Nav Kapur, Roger T Webb
Research article Suicide risk linked with clinical consultation frequency, psychiatric diagnoses and psychotropic medication prescribing in a national study of primary care patients Psychological Medicine 2016 Kirsten Windfuhr, David While, Nav Kapur, Darren M. Ashcroft, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Matthew J. Carr, Jenny Shaw, Louis Appleby, Roger T. Webb
Research article Impact of COVID-19 on the diagnoses, HbA1c monitoring and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2020 Matthew J. Carr, Alison Wright, Lalantha Leelarathna, Hood Thabit, Nicola Milne, Naresh Kanumilli, Darren M. Ashcroft, Martin K. Rutter
Research article Optimising case-detection within UK electronic health records: utilisation of multiple linked databases for detecting liver injury TBC 2016
Research article Unnatural mortality in epilepsy: cohort studies conducted in two UK population-based databases JAMA Neurology 2018 Hayley C Gorton, Roger T Webb, Matthew J Carr, Marcos DelPozo-Banos, Ann John, Darren M Ashcroft
Research article Suicide and other causes of death among working-age and older adults in the year after discharge from in-patient mental healthcare in England: matched cohort study British Journal of Psychiatry 2021 Rebecca Musgrove, Matthew J Carr, Nav Kapur, Carolyn A Chew-Graham, Faraz Mughal, Darren M Ashcroft, Roger T Webb
Research article Alcohol-related mortality in patients with psoriasis: a population-based cohort study JAMA Dermatology 2017 Parisi R; Webb RT; Carr MJ; Moriarty KJ; C Kleyn E; Griffiths CEM; Ashcroft DM
Research article HbA1C variability and hypoglycemia hospitalization in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 2017 Victor W. Zhong; Juhaeri Juhaeri; Stephen R. Cole; Christina M. Shay; Penny Gordon-Larsen; Evangelos Kontopantelis; Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
Research article Psoriasis and the Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events: Cohort Study Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 Parisi R, Rutter MK, Lunt M, Young HS, Symmons DPM, Griffiths CEM, Ashcroft DM; Identification and Management of Psoriasis Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team
Research article Landmark Models for Optimizing the Use of Repeated Measurements of Risk Factors in Electronic Health Records to Predict Future Disease Risk American Journal of Epidemiology 2018 Ellie Paige, Jessica Barrett, David Stevens, Ruth H. Keogh, Michael J. Sweeting, Irwin Nazareth, Irene Petersen, and Angela M. Wood
Research article Cardiovascular Risk and Risk Factor Management in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Assessing Sex Disparities Circulation 2019 Alison K. Wright, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Richard Emsley, Iain Edward Buchan, Mamas A. Mamas, Naveed Sattar, Darren M. Ashcroft, and Martin K. Rutter
Research article Suicide and death by other causes among patients with a severe mental illness: cohort study comparing risks among patients discharged from inpatient care v. those treated in the community Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences 2022 Rebecca Musgrove, Matthew J Carr, Nav Kapur, Carolyn A Chew-Graham, Faraz Mughal, Darren M Ashcroft, Roger T Webb
Research article Identifying prior signals of bipolar disorder using primary care electronic health records British Journal of General Practice 2023 Catharine Morgan, Darren M Ashcroft, Carolyn A Chew-Graham, Matthew Sperrin, Roger T Webb, Anya Francis, Jan Scott, Alison R Yung
Research article Inequities in hypertension management: an observational cross-sectional study in North-East London using electronic health records British Journal of General Practice (in press) 2023 Rison, S., Redfern, O., Dostall, I., Carvalho, C., Mathuri, R., Raisi -Estabrag, Z., Robson, J.
test admintest admintest 2020 admintest
Research article Comparison accuracy in mSIRS, NEWS and qSOFA score to triage sepsis patients in the emergency department at a hospital in Thailand Comparison accuracy in mSIRS, NEWS and qSOFA score to triage sepsis patients in the emergency department at a hospital in Thailand 2018 Jiratti Jaruwatthanasunthon
Research article The effects of caring for young children with developmental disabilities on mothers’ health and healthcare use: analysis of primary care data in the Born in Bradford cohort Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 2021 Sarah C. Masefield; Stephanie L. Prady; Trevor A. Sheldon; Neil Small; Stuart Jarvis; Kate E. Pickett
Research article Exposure to domestic violence and abuse and consultations for emergency contraception: nested case-control study in a UK primary care dataset British Journal of General Practice 2019 Joni Jackson, Natalia V Lewis, Gene S Feder, Penny Whiting, Timothy Jones, John Macleod and Maria Theresa Redaniel
Research article The risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients prescribed mirtazapine: an active comparator cohort study using English electronic health records BMC Medicine 2022 Rebecca M Joseph, Ruth H Jack, Richard Morriss, Roger D Knaggs, Debbie Butler, Chris Hollis, Julia Hippisley-Cox, Carol Coupland
Research article Common cancer types and risk of ischaemic stroke and major bleeding events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: population-based cohort study 2022 Alyaa Ajabnoor, Salwa Zghebi, Rosa Parisi, Darren Ashcroft, Corinne Faivre-Finn, Mamas Mamas, and Evangelos Kontopantelis
Research article Primary care contact for mental illness and self-harm before, during and after the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK: cohort study of 13 million individuals The Lancet Public Health 2020 Matthew Carr, Sarah Steeg, Roger Webb, Nav Kapur, Carolyn Chew-Graham, Kathryn Abel, Holly Hope, Matthias Pierce, Darren Ashcroft
Research article The risk of falls and fractures in those with cataract, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma: a population-based cohort study Ophthalmology 2023 Jung Yin Tsang, Alison Wright, Matthew J Carr, Christine Dickinson, Robert A Harper, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Tjeerd Van Staa, Luke Munford, Thomas Blakeman, Darren M Ashcroft
Research article Evaluating the safety of mental health related prescribing in UK primary care: a cross-sectional study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) 2021 Wael Y Khawagi, Douglas Steinke, Matthew J. Carr, Alison K. Wright, Darren M. Ashcroft, Anthony J. Avery, Richard N Keers
Research article Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with anticonvulsants in a Japanese population: Matched caseecontrol and cohort studies Allergology International 2021 Fukasawa T et al
Research article Risk of Hospitalisation and Death due to Infection in People with Psoriasis: a Population-based Cohort Study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink British Journal of Dermatology 2020 Zenas Z N Yiu; Rosa Parisi; Mark Lunt; Richard B Warren; Christopher E M Griffiths; Sinéad M Langan; Darren M Ashcroft
Research article Referral to the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme and conversion from non-diabetic hyperglycaemia to type-2 diabetes mellitus in England: a matched cohort analysis 2022 Rathi Ravindrarajah, Matt Sutton,David Reeves,Sarah Cotterill,Emma Mcmanus, Rachel Meacock,William Whittaker,Caludia Soiland-Reyes, Peter Bower, Evangelos Kontopantelis
Research article The impact of the COVID pandemic on the management of hypertension in an open cohort of over 220,000 individuals in North East London: an observational study January 2019 to October 2022. Manuscript in preparation 2023 Rison, S., Redfern, O., Mathuri, R., Dostall, I., Carvalho, C., Raisi-Estabrag, Z., Robson, J.
Research article Protocol for an observational cohort using routinely collected data from the POpulation Level Analysis and Reporting (POLAR) database in Australia to understand patterns of care for people presenting to general practice with musculoskeletal condition 2020 Haas R, Busija L, Gorelik A, O'Connor D, Pearce C, Mazza D, Buchbinder R.
Research article Development and validation of the DIabetes Severity SCOre (DISSCO) in 139 626 individuals with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 2020 Salwa S Zghebi, Mamas A Mamas, Darren M Ashcroft, Chris Salisbury, Christian D Mallen, Carolyn A Chew-Graham, David Reeves, Harm Van Marwijk, Nadeem Qureshi, Stephen Weng, Tim Holt, Iain Buchan, Niels Peek, Sally Giles, Martin K Rutter, Evangelos Kontopantelis
Research article The association between mirtazapine use and serious self-harm in people with depression: an active comparator cohort study using UK electronic health records Evidence-Based Mental Health 2022 Rebecca M Joseph, Ruth H Jack, Richard Morriss, Roger David Knaggs, Debbie Butler, Chris Hollis, Julia Hippisley-Cox, Carol Coupland
Research article Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and gender incongruence in children and young people attending primary care practices in England: retrospective cohort study Archives of Disease in Childhood 2024 Stuart Jarvis; Lorna Fraser; Trilby Langton; Catherine Hewitt ;Tim Doran